Dilemmas of Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dilemmas of Leadership - Term Paper Example The process of influencing others to attain a goal and also direct an organization in such a way that it becomes more cohesive and coherent is leadership. According to Kotter, leadership is how to deal with change. â€Å"Leadership focuses on change and innovation; it focuses on the big picture; it focuses on strategies that take calculated risks, and it focuses on people’s values†. (Gardner 1996) The path and goal model of leadership by Robert House expects the leader to encourage and motivate the followers in order to attain the desired objective. According to this model, the leader plays a big role in influencing the performance, satisfaction, and motivation of a group. According to Ashim Gupta (2009), when in a dilemma most leaders demonstrate a mix of leadership styles. There are four most commonly used leadership styles namely autocratic, bureaucratic, participative and the laissez - faire style of leadership. In an autocratic leadership style, the leader acts as the supreme commander and the followers have to obey him. This kind of leadership is required in factories when the work demands one to adhere to a series of systematic rules to attain the end product. For example; working in a sugar factory requires one to follow a series of methodical process to obtain sugar from sugarcane. One single mistake will result in one to repeat the process again. Hence, the best-suit ed leadership style for this case is autocratic. In bureaucratic leadership style, the leader acts as per the rules and regulations laid down by the company.

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Essay The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet was pre-ordained by fate there was nothing that any of the characters could do to prevent their deaths. Fate is a thing that nobody can run hide or escape from it is just going to happen. The author refers to things like star crossd lovers. This shows the reader that they were made to fall in love and death markd love which suggests that they were made to die if they fell in love, which is also a warning of what might happen. However, there are also references to ancient grudge and to parents rage which suggests that it is not only fate that has a part in their deaths but also human intervention. Actually the part played by some of the characters directly resulted in the deaths of the two principal characters. Romeos friend, Benvolio, has a great deal to answer for. He knew perfectly well that it was wrong to gate crash Lord Capulets party. He must have known that the discovery of his friends presence there would cause serious disquiet, especially to Tybalt. Nevertheless, he encouraged Romeo to go because he had become morbid after his break up with Rosaline and therefore needed cheering up by meeting other girls and as such compare his ladys love against some other maid That I will show you shining at this feast, (Act 1, Scene 2, lines 97 and 98). We know that the party was a masquerade, but the probability that Romeo would be discovered was high. Inevitably this was the case, and, of course, it was Romeos number one foe, Tybalt, who made the discovery. No one can criticise Tybalts reaction on finding out that Romeo had had the audacity to enter the home of his familys enemy, the Capulets. This by his voice should be a Montague. Fetch me my rapier boy. (Act 1, Scene 5, lines 53 and 54) would be a natural reaction of most men on finding an enemy in their camp. Right at the beginning of this tragedy the feud between the two families is immediately brought to our attention. The opening scene involves servants of the two houses making antagonistic noises to each other, enticing one another to fight. We find Benvolio intervening when he says: Part, falls! Put up your swords -you know not what to do. (Act 1, scene 1 lines 56 and 57. ) No reason is given of how the feud started but we know that it has been going on for some time and has affected the lives of the citizens of Verona. Not only is Benvolio fed up with the continual feuding but also the ruler of Verona. We know this because the Prince of Verona decided that he and the city has had enough and vows to put an end to it. In a protracted speech he lays down the law and says in very plain language: If you ever disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of peace. (Act 1, Scene 1, lines 88 and 89. ) Therefore, he declares publicly that all future fights will be severely dealt with and offenders will pay with their lives. Tybalt was a man whose soul purpose on life was to defend his familys honour. The only way to do this was by fighting. His language was naturally that of a hard man. Right at the beginning we see this side of Tybalt when he confronts Benvolio with the words, What, drawn, and talk peace! I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee: Have at thee coward! (Act 1, Scene 1, lines 62, 63 and 64. ) No wonder Tybalt was angry at Romeo for insulting his family honour by his uninvited presence at the party. Of course he wanted to evict Romeo from the party immediately. If he had just been allowed to do so maybe this tragedy could have been avoided, but he wasnt, thanks to the intervention of his uncle. Therefore, Lord Capulet could be held responsible for his own daughters death. He was totally out of order when he took his nephew to one side and gave him a good dressing down. He shall be endured. What, goodman boy, I say he shall, go to! Am I the master here, or you? Go to! (Act 1, Scene 5, lines 75, 76 and 77). Go to, go to, You are a saucy boy. Ist so indeed? This trick may chance the scathe you, I know what. You must contrary me! Marry, tis time. Well said my hearts! -You are a princox, go (Act 1, Scene 5, lines 82, 83, 84, 85 and 86). These words were designed to hurt. To be called an insolent boy by his uncle must have been very upsetting and hard to swallow. It must have made Tybalt so angry and humiliated that a duel to the death between him and Romeo was inevitable. In the initial stages of the romance, Juliets nurse was fully aware of what was going on and made no effort to stop it. In fact she acted as an eager go-between and after being satisfied with Romeos good intentions towards her mistress appears to be encouraging the romance. During a conversation between her and Romeo he asks the nurse to convey his greetings to his beloved and she replies Ay, a thousand times. (Act 2, Scene 4, line 186). It was her solemn duty to her employer to protect his daughter from uninvited suitors. Girls from rich high-born families were seen as assets, as a means of trading up in the social hierarchy. This is evident from the conversation between Juliets father and Paris prior to Lord Capulets party. Paris discloses his intentions towards Juliet and Lord Capulet, although mindful of his daughters age, agrees to the marriage: But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart, My will to her consent is but a part; And she agreed, within her scope of choice (Act 1, Scene 2, lines 16, 17, 18 and 19). If the nurse had done her job properly and reported to her employer as to what was going on then steps could have been taken to shield Juliet from Romeos advances. Probably, the one who contributed the most to the downfall of Romeo and Juliet must be Friar Lawrence. Although he meant well in that he thought that a marriage would end the feuding his actions were totally unprofessional and not that of a man of the church. His concern was that Romeo and Juliet should not commit a mortal sin by having sex outside marriage was the main reason for him performing the ceremony. His closing remarks after meeting Romeo and Juliet was: Come, come with me, and we will make short work, For, by your leaves, you shall not stay alone Till holy church incorporate two in one. (Act 2, Scene 6, lines 34 to 37). He knew that Juliet was deceiving her parents and he should have condemned her behaviour as he also knew just how old she was. Even her own father thought she was too young to marry as was disclosed in his dialogue with Paris where he says: She hath not seen the change of fourteen years, Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her to be a ripe bride. (Act 1, Scene 2, lines 8 to 11). As for his ridiculous scheme, including the faking of Juliets death, this defies all comprehension. Even if successful he must have known that she could never return home and he has, in fact, banished her for life from both her family and community. There is no doubt in my mind that the most significant player to the downfall of the two principal characters was Juliet herself. Throughout the play she was deceitful and constantly lied to her parents. Her mother was concerned about her daughters welfare and thought that her tearful moods were as a consequence of her cousins death: Evermore weeping for your cousins death? (Act 3, Scene 5, line 69). Juliet went out of her way to encourage her mothers interpretation of her emotional state by replying, Yet let me weep for such a feeling loss. (Act 3, Scene 5, line 74). She was pretending to her mother that her hurt was for Tybalt and not for the murderer, Romeo, with the following lines: And yet no man like he doth grieve my heart. (Act 3, Scene 5, line 83), and Ay, madam, from the reach of these my hands. Would none but I might revenge my cousins death. (Act 3, Scene 5, lines 85 and 86). She even goes on to denounce Romeo completely when she states to her mother: Is my heart, so for a kinsman vexed. Madam, if you could find out but a man To bear a poison, I would temper it, That Romeo should upon receipt thereof Soon sleep in quiet. (Act 3, Scene 5, lines 95-99). As I said in my opening paragraph the story of Romeo and Juliet was a tragedy in the making. It was doomed from the start because these two young people broke all the conventions of that era. Juliet most certainly did not have her parents consent and it must be inferred that neither did Romeo. It would be highly unlikely that the two families, who had been feuding for a considerable time, would have wanted any of their offspring marring. Nevertheless, it was an affair that could have been so easily stopped by those who were privy to what was going on. Not one of these characters, who were by the way all adults, took on the responsibility of bringing a sense of proportion and integrity to what can only be described in todays society as a sordid affair. A similar story in contemporary times would receive the attention of the police. The one thing that I find incomprehensible is the interaction between Juliets father, Lord Capulet, and his nephew Tybalt at the party. Why he humiliated Tybalt in such a manner is, for me, totally out of character with the essence of the play. Knowing the background of the play I would have thought that the logical response of Lord Capulet on finding out that a Montague had gate crashed his party would have been to have him thrown out. The tragedy of his actions was the death of his beloved daughter. If he had allowed Tybalt to perform his duty, Juliet would have probably married Paris.

Electronic Commerce :: social issues

Electronic Commerce Initially, the Internet was designed to be used by government and academic users, but now it is rapidly becoming commercialized. It has on-line "shops", even electronic "shopping malls". Customers, browsing at their computers, can view products, read descriptions, and sometimes even try samples. What they lack is the means to buy from their keyboard, on impulse. They could pay by credit card, transmitting the necessary data by modem; but intercepting messages on the Internet is trivially easy for a smart hacker, so sending a credit-card number in an unscrambled message is inviting trouble. It would be relatively safe to send a credit card number encrypted with a hard-to-break code. That would require either a general adoption across the internet of standard encoding protocols, or the making of prior arrangements between buyers and sellers. Both consumers and merchants could see a windfall if these problems are solved. For merchants, a secure and easily divisible supply of electronic money will motivate more Internet surfers to become on-line shoppers. Electronic money will also make it easier for smaller businesses to achieve a level of automation already enjoyed by many large corporations whose Electronic Data Interchange heritage means streams of electronic bits now flow instead of cash in back-end financial processes. We need to resolve four key technology issues before consumers and merchants anoint electric money with the same real and perceived values as our tangible bills and coins. These four key areas are: Security, Authentication, Anonymity, and Divisibility. Commercial R&D departments and university labs are developing measures to address security for both Internet and private-network transactions. The venerable answer to securing sensitive information, like credit-card numbers, is to encrypt the data before you send it out. MIT's Kerberos, which is named after the three-headed watchdog of Greek mythology, is one of the best-known- private-key encryption technologies. It creates an encrypted data packet, called a ticket, which securely identifies the user. To make a purchase, you generate the ticket during a series of coded messages you exchange with a Kerberos server, which sits between your computer system and the one you are communicating with. These latter two systems share a secret key with the Kerberos server to protect information from prying eyes and to assure that your data has not been altered during the transmission. But this technology has a potentially weak link: Breach the server, and the watchdog rolls over and plays dead.

Leadership Attributes Of Mark Zuckerberg Essay

Mark Zuckerbreg was born on 14 May 1984 at White Plains, New York. He is best known as CEO of Facebook. Mark Zuckerberg is a technology innovator, CEO, Internet Tycoon and philanthropist who earned multi-billionaire status by his mid-20s. As the cofounder, chairman, and CEO of Facebook, Zuckerberg redefined the social media market and connected people in ways never thought possible. Zuckerberg recently topped a list of â€Å"Highest Rated CEOs† from online career community Glassdoor. The list was the result of employee reviews over the past 12 months. Technology Sensation Born into a well-educated family in New York, Zuckerberg developed an interest in computers at an early stage. He created his own messaging program at the age of 12, dubbed â€Å"Zucknet,† which his father used in his dental office. He would create games and programs under a private computer tutor, who later told reporters that it was hard to stay ahead of the technology prodigy. While still in high school, companies like AOL and  Microsoft expressed interest in buying his software and hiring him, which he declined. Later enrolling at Harvard University, Zuckerberg developed a reputation as a strong programmer and software developer. He created programs like CourseMatch, which helped students choose their classes based on the selections of their peers, and Facemash, which compared pictures of two students and allowed users to vote on who was more attractive. While popular, none of these programs matched to the later success of Zuckerberg’s development of Facebook. Approached by Divya Narendra, and Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss, Zuckerberg began working on a project called The Harvard Connection, a sort of dating site for the Harvard elite. Zuckerberg later dropped out and began working on his own site with friends Dustin Moskovitz, Chris Hughes and Eduardo Saverin. This site, which started as thefacebook.com, allowed users to create their own profiles, upload photos, and network with users at specific universities. Run out of a dorm room at Harvard until June 2004, thefacebook.com thrived, and Zuckerberg dropped out to pursue it full time. By the end of 2004, Facebook boasted 1 million users. The site began to evolve. At first, it was only available to certain schools. Thanks to investments from venture capital firms, the site eventually opened up to other schools, then to the general public. Early on, Zuckerberg was turning down offers from Yahoo! and MTV Networks. â€Å"The thing that we are trying to do at Facebook is just help people connect and communicate more efficiently,† he said. Instead of taking lucrative offers (Yahoo! reportedly offered Zuckerberg $1 billion), Zuckerberg focused on expanding the site to bring as much value to users as possible. But legal troubles from his early dealings with The Harvard Connection plagued him, as depicted in the Academy Award-nominated movie â€Å"The Social Network.† Zuckerberg later noted that much of the story was exaggerated for Hollywood. â€Å"I just think people have a lot of fiction,† he said. â€Å"But the real story of Facebook is just that we’ve worked so hard for all this time. The real story is actually probably pretty boring, right? We just sat at our computers for six years and coded.† Despite some of the negative depictions in the movie and the lawsuit filed by the Winklevoss twins, Zuckerberg and Facebook continued to thrive. He was named Time magazine’s Person of the Year in 2010, and Forbes has ranked him at No. 36 on its 400 list, estimating his net worth at $13.3 billion as of March 2013. Transformation from a Hacker to  a CEO and then to a Leader With Facebook’s stock price crashing and employee morale sinking, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg stepped up and delivered a home run he would never have been able to hit even just a year ago. Zuckerberg has been under fire the last few months for Facebook’s plummeting stock price. A darling of Wall Street before its IPO, Facebook fell to half its IPO price in just a few months. As a result, a growing chorus of critics has called for new leadership at Facebook. Some have even called for Zuckerberg himself to resign. Zuckerberg answered his critics at the TechCrunch Disrupt conference. During a wide-ranging interview with CrunchFund’s Michael Arrington, Zuckerberg addressed everything from the company’s plummeting stock price to its plans for mobile. By all accounts, Zuckerberg did a spectacular job. As a result, shares of Facebook have surged by 13 percent since then. It is a clear step in the right direction. If we compare his performance to his previous interviews, we can clearly see the change in his personality. He was stumbling during the interview and when he was asked few tough questions, he started sweating on stage. The new Mark Zuckerberg on stage at Disrupt didn’t look anything like the guy who squirmed at the D Conference just two years prior. No, this Zuckerberg was poised, confident, and articulate. He spoke fast, but only because he was clearly excited by Facebook’s future. Zuckerberg was able to simultaneously rally the Facebook troops and Wall Street with just his words. This is something he would never have been able to do even just a year ago. He wasn’t born with Steve Jobs’ onstage charm — instead, he had to work up to the comfort level he exuded on stage at Disrupt. We can witness a new chapter in Zuckerberg’s maturation. He was once a hacker who had to become a CEO. Now he’s a CEO who’s transforming into an articulate leader, the type a public company with sky-high expectations needs. Personal Traits There is one important element which can help or makes a particular person to achieve success; it is the personality of the person itself. Personality basically is the kind of personal characteristics which influence the behavior as well as perception and attitudes. It is an inner psychological  characteristic which cannot be copy such as emotion and taught. It can be build from the influence of heredity, or early childhood experiences. No doubt, personality of a person can be change due to the major life events and by the gradual maturing process. There are many personality classification methods; we had chosen the Big Five Model of Personality traits which are the most widely accepted way to classify personalities and to describe the personality which in Mark Zuckerberg. This model has been divided to five major dimensions i.e. Surgency, Agreeableness, Adjustment, Conscientiousness, and Openness to experience. Surgency personality dimension includes leadership and extraversion tr aits. Mark showed his strong surgency as he wants to be the person who is in charge instead of being the dominance of the others. Mark did not really accept or commit with the twin Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss idea which they try to hire Mark to build a dating, a social site which they called Harvard Connection. As a high surgency person, Mark does not like to be the dominance of others so he creates the website Facebook instead of working for the Winklevoss. The strong surgency has lead Mark to the success that he is enjoying today; if he had chosen to work for Winklevoss, he might still be a small potato and not much people would know about him. Dimension of agreeableness includes traits related to getting along with people. Besides that, if a person has high agreeableness, that person might be more sociable and spent more times with his or her friends. According to Mark Zuckerberg’s friends, he is an introverted person as they said he is kind of a geek who feels little uncomfortable around other people. Furthermore, they even speculated that that introverted personality of him had helped him deal with his creation of Facebook. The adjustment personality dimension includes traits related to emotional stability. Mark shows that he does not have a good adjustment personality; he created the facemash when he feels upset about a girl. Facemash is software where it uses to compare students to what kind of farm animals which seems like unethical to others. This software had helped him in the path of success as this software lends him some idea while creating Thefacebook.com. The high degree of conscientiousness of Mark has leaded him to the way of success, he is a hardworking, and always willing to put in extra time and effort to accomplish goal to achieve success. His willingness to put in extra time to complete something, such as he uses eight hours to  create the Facemash site. So, we can see that when he got an objective that need to be achieved, he will show his high conscientiousness to work on that aim in order to achieve success. The high openness to experience in Mark had made a big contribution to his success path, as he is a person who is willing to try and always willing to change. The Facebook which he had launched made a huge change in the connection between everyone in the world. Besides that, he keeps on developing the Facebook which was named as Thefacebook previously, in order to help people to connect, find new friends and share photos. He states in his Facebook account that his personal interest is about openness, making things that help people connect and share what is important to them, revolutions, information flow and minimalism. Besides that, from the beginning of Course Match until Facebook, the personalities of Mark willing to try and change had helped him to come out with something which can really connect people easily – Facebook. Situational Leadership style Leadership is the process of the influencing made by the leader to the follower to change them to achieve the organizational goal. Leadership is an important element for a successful leader, as the leader needs to have enough potential and abilities to influence his/her followers to work according to the leader’s objective or goal. However, if a good leadership style is being implemented, it can more or less help the employees to create organizational citizenship. Furthermore, the effective behavior of the leader may also determine the future or fate of the organization obviously. Besides, for Mark Zuckerberg leadership is basically about creating focus. It is about ensuring we are focused on the right stuff and getting good people in to help build what we are trying to do. From the way he doing things, we can see that Mark is actually quite a democratic style leader. He does not really act like a dictator as he is open to take and listen to others opinion and suggestion. When there was some crisis where people started to dislike Mark and said that Mark should be replaced, Reed – the recruiter of Facebook had talked to Mark. She told Zuckerberg what should he do in order to gain the favor and trust from the followers, then he did take her advice and started to get lessons on how to be an effective leader by seeing an executive coach. From the incident above, Zuckerberg shows his  high degree of acceptance to his dominance or followers ideas. Besides that, Zuckerberg is one of the people-oriented types of leader. He had asked for help from Sean Parker, who is a very talented person who created Napster, but had a bad reputation of getting around with bar, alcohol, drugs and always surrounded by girls. Zuckerberg did not concern about his bad reputation but he wanted the talent of Sean Parker who is also described as a business artist. In the end, Parker did help Zuckerberg with a lot of things in order to achieve the success of Facebook with the talent which Parker has. Zuckerberg is a good leader as we can see that he lead the Facebook to a greater and successful path. Without having the good behavior and guidance in him, Facebook would not able to be success and his followers love to work with him. Traits of Effective Leader, as seen in Mark Zuckerberg Dominance Dominance is the one of the most effective and major trait of leadership. Successful leaders want to take the charge and the responsibilities. Dominance trait effects all the other traits related to effective leaders. Mark has shown a very strong dominance trait as he has always shown this thing that he wants to take the charge and have a dominant personality. As mentioned above, if he had just followed what he was asked to do, he might not even have invented Facebook. High Energy To be a good leader, to go places, you must be willing to go further than others have and do things others won’t. He worked his ass off, did things he was uncomfortable with (like travelling across continents to speak to audiences about his vision) and did what had to be done to build his company. Intelligence No one can doubt about the intelligence of Mark Zuckerberg. Starting from very young age, inventing his own software programs, and then getting into an IVY League university and last but not the least, invention of Facebook, this all shows the very strong trait of Intelligence in Mark Zuckerberg. Flexibility Mark Zuckerberg has shown flexibility in his character. He has always been  open to change and has never been afraid of taking new steps and doing something new. Perhaps no Internet businessman has spit in the face of this attitude more than Mark Zuckerberg. Despite Facebook’s status as a social networking giant, Zuckerberg and Co. have never shied away from changing the user interface (sometimes in the face of protests) or shaking things up in the effort to break new ground. Though not all of his changes have been successful, a surprising majority of them have stood the test of time and boosted Facebook’s following. Integrity Mark Zuckerberg faces criticism for his unconventional leadership of Facebook as a business. Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission that was, to make the world more open and connected. Zuckerberg has shown strong integrity in his leadership by remaining consistent with his mission to make the world more opened and connected. He went incredibly far to make absolutely sure that this mission would not be compromised by maintaining a majority stake of the voting shares of Facebook. Locus of Control Recently, Facebook has had a lawsuit against them with the Beacon advertising system. After the court ruling, Zuckerberg made a public apology for the system and took full responsibility for the mistake. This shows that Mark Zuckerberg has an internal locus of control. Instead of blaming some other force, he took control of the situation. Self Confidence Even though Mark Zuckerberg seems to be quiet and humble, he’s also extremely self-confident. He has always had strong faith in himself and in his vision. He didn’t let naysayers along the way deter him or bring him down. He is able to persevere through criticism and any obstacles or setbacks because he continues to believe in himself no matter what anyone else says about Facebook. Sensitivity to Others Initially, it looked like Mark isn’t that much sensitive to others, as he was accused of using the idea of his class fellows and then cutting them out of the plan. But, since in 2012 he was named as the Best CEO and from the feedback that was given by his employers, it became apparent that he has  changed himself and had become sensitive to others and their feelings. Stability Mark shows that he does not have a good adjustment personality; he created the facemash when he feels upset about a girl. But as this has been mentioned earlier before, Mark has gone through a lot since he has became the CEO of the Facebook and has brought a lot of positive changes in himself, and stability is one of them as well. He has shown very strong emotional stability at various places and incidents. He has taken criticism openly and has faced all the difficulties while staying strong. Leadership Grid Theory Leadership grid theory explains leadership behavior on the basis of two dimensions which are concern for production and concern for people. Mark Zuckerberg is one of people oriented types of leader and He is also more concerned for quality and good work by employees. Due to these reasons he falls in The Team Leader style which is 9.9 in Leadership Grid Theory. Leadership Continuum Theory If we have a look at the Leadership Continuum Theory then we can see that Mark falls somewhere around 6th defined trait. He has received a 99% approval rate from his employees and they have said that they love working at Facebook reason being that what they say and think is considered and it matters to mark. Every decision taken at Facebook is a group decision. PATH-GOAL THEORY. Zuckerberg’s leadership style has been in question and will be in question as Facebook prepares to switch its funding to IPO. I believe Zuckerberg is a perfect example of path-goal theory. Path-goal leaders as we know need to adapt their style to one that allows their subordinates to achieve a specific goal. This can be done by being directive, supportive, participated, and achievement oriented. Zuckerberg fits all criteria. Throughout the growth  and development of Facebook he has changed his style to continuously achieve their overall goal. To start he began the company as a directive leader; providing guidance and instilling the psychological structure that the company needed in order to have constant expansion. It is hard to convey an idea to another, especially if it is one that could change the way society operated. Once Zuckerberg set the foundation of psychological structure, he could sit back and play a more supportive role. Being supportative allows for the vision of Facebook to take hold. Currently though Zuckerberg is the best demonstrator of a participative style. Facebook is now self sustaining and doesn’t need a hard-nosed leader under its ranks. The best way we can see this style of leadership in action is through his own Facebook page. He is currently promoting the need for driven individuals such as himself to work for the company. The Myers-Briggs Test Zuckerberg is known to be incredibly confident and decisive in his decisions. When he strives for something he reaches it and stands strong on the decision. This was shown to the many Facebookers years ago with timeline. When timeline was introduced, many users did not like it, but Zuckerberg stuck to his guns and kept it. Along with his decisiveness, Zuckerberg tends to be ‘robot like’ and socially awkward. People that have interacted with him say this because when having a conversation, Zuckerberg is straight to the point. As Time Magazine states, â€Å"He approaches conversation as a way of exchanging data as rapidly and efficiently as possible, rather than as a recreational activity undertaken for its own sake. He is formidably quick and talks rapidly and precisely, and if he has no data to transmit, he abruptly falls silent.† This shows him as being very analytical and specific. Zuckerberg is known to be an introvert as well. He doesn’t openly talk about himself and is well reserved. Even when in an interview, he answers the question that’s asked, but gives no additional or side information. From the above examples and descriptions, when taking the Myers-Briggs test, Mark Zuckerberg would be an ISTJ (Introvert, Sensing, Thinking, and Judging). ISTJ’s are quiet, serious, practical, logical, orderly, and loyal. Additionally, Mark Zuckerberg tends to have high  self-efficacy. Zuckerberg has confidence in his abilities. People with self-efficacy tend to overcome obstacles and work toward a specific goal. Zuckerberg has done this with the success of Facebook. Recently, Facebook has had a lawsuit against them with the Beacon advertising system. After the court ruling, Zuckerberg made a public apology for the system and took full responsibility for the mistake. This shows that Mark Zuckerberg has an internal locus of control. Instead of blaming some other force, he took control of the situ ation. Theory Y Working for Facebook is not your typical job. The word â€Å"Hack† is written on every wall in the building. Zuckerberg’s own personal innovation encourages employees to produce new codes to wow users and attract new one. He encourages employees to constantly innovate and think of outside the box. They attempt to eliminate failure out of the equation and the programmer’s mind. The environment is geared to help employees figure out what exactly they would do without the fear of failure. Fail harder: they are encouraged to fail in a triumphant blaze of glory. For Facebook, â€Å"the riskest risk is taking no risks†(Careers at Facebook). Without complete focus and effort, the employee might never know if the project was possible. Trying new things is always encouraged. This is the kind of effort Mark Zuckerberg put into Facebook to make a huge success. He encourages his employees to put everything they have into a project. This type of support shown to employees can satisfy McGregor’s Theory Y. Facebook’s full support and belief in the abilities of their employees motivates them to give their full effort in a project. Maslow’s Self Actualization Facebook’s view on recruiting is to â€Å"discovering top talent and serving our employees seriously†(Careers at Facebook). Facebook only hires the smartest and passionate people who are ready to hard and quickly. This could give Facebook employees pride for being the Best of the best. â€Å"We expect everyone at Facebook to focus every day on how to build real value for the world in everything they do†(Careers at Facebook). This type of emphasis on building social value and create social change through their job can help employees achieve Maslowe’s self actualization. This personal  growth and higher order achievement fulfillment can inspire employees to work harder and innovate. This type of social value can suggest a need for power. Employees want their work to influence others and create a change in the world. MCCLELAND’S NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT In the early days of Facebook, Zuckerberg was known for his exuberance and sense of urgency. He would initiate a companywide lock down to launch a new campus. These â€Å"Hackathon† turned into a party including a keg and DJ in reward of the work. Zuckerberg maintains the mantra that is â€Å"done is better than perfect†(Careers at Facebook). They launched features before they are done. Facebook attempts to stay on the edge of technology, and is willing to risk flaws and imperfects to stay on the cutting edge. Facebook is â€Å"less afraid of making mistakes than we are of losing opportunities†(Careers at Facebook). This shows McCleland’s need for achievement. Facebook strives to be on the cutting edge of technology and be the first to develop new features for the site. With each new update to Facebook, they have achieved a new goal while continuing to improve on the site. Facebook does not let anything get in the way of a deadline to stay on top. Five IMPORTANT LESSONS MARK ZUCKERBERG TAUGHT US ABOUT Business Lesson 1: Be passionate about what you do If there is any way to create something that hundreds, thousands, or even millions of people will eventually use on a daily basis, you better be sure to create something that you would have passion and dedication in creating. The aforementioned isn’t exactly a revelation to anyone, but if you are not genuinely interested in what you are creating, why would anyone else be? They wouldn’t. It’s a serious problem for many entrepreneurs of both young and old. Mark Zuckerberg, however, is one of the most prominent examples in recent history of someone who has the passion. Not only did he care about his project, but he also turned down billions of dollars in order to let his company thrive. Lesson 2: Constant evaluation There are generally two types of people in business: those who prefer to play it by gut instinct and those who analyze every little measurable detail.  Both have their pros and cons; having a mix of both couldn’t hurt. Generally a person gravitates towards one or the other. Mark Zuckerberg is the analyzer. Zuckerberg always insisted that his employees create powerful analytics dashboards. Their purpose was simple: allow him and fellow employees to gauge the interest in newly released features to coordinate their global domination. While other companies were still figuring out which advertisements could be placed at which spot and generate the most return, Facebook focused on optimizing the performance of the user experience. He wanted to know which features worked and which did not. Lesson 3: Be willing to experiment In Facebook’s infancy, its founder preferred to push out enhancements and never look back. This is, admittedly, easy to do when you have a few thousand users; they expect things to change at a rapid clip. But Facebook was different. People relied on Facebook in more ways than most other websites — it was a service that connected people to each other. At this point, failure is unacceptable. Still, Zuckerberg preferred the gung ho method of development. He would regularly introduce new features — adding the â€Å"Wall,† introducing chat functionality, allowing third-party development, and changing the site’s layout. Lesson 4: Be aware of opportunity Before Facebook, there was CourseMatch, an application that allowed students at Harvard University to compare their course selections for that semester. With this, Zuckerberg indulged students’ desires to know which classes their friends were joining. He exploited an opportunity. Facemash was a similar expereince. It was Harvard’s Hot or Not for students. These students were interested in knowing where they stood socially — in some ways, we all do. And Zuckerberg, once again, saw an opportunity to exploit this as well. It isn’t magic. But it does require looking at things in a different way — to see things for what they could be, as opposed to only what they have been or currently are. Zuckerberg’s ability to notice these opportunities and execute on them gave him the edge in creating and maintaining products that  people believed in. Opportunity exists everywhere — especially with the Internet, where the ability to reach millions is easier than ever. Perhaps there is so much opportunity out there that, perhaps, we have become ignorant to spot the most obvious of opportunities. But being able to spot opportunity is an invaluable skill. Lesson 5: Make something useful Facebook isn’t simply another interesting website to visit every once in a while. It is a tool that millions of people use to connect to each other. People use it for sharing experiences and creating new ones. Most importantly, Facebook does something that no other website has been able to do as efficiently, effectively, and with such impressive scale: it creates a virtual environment to interact with your real friends. The 600 million plus members tells us how famous Facebook is. Yet it is this usefulness that makes the company a success. It is a recurring theme that all successful companies build upon. It is also something that many startups don’t seem to comprehend. Explaining what makes a product or service useful is simple: it is something that people are using repeatedly and on a regular basis. So the lesson to learn is, make something which is a everyday use thing, just like Zuckerberg did. Conclusion In order to conclude, we can say that Mark has emerged and evolved as an Employee Centered CEO, with a democratic style. He has come a long way to reach this stage with bringing a lot of changes in him. When it comes to personality traits, without any doubt his strongest trait would be his openness to experience and the willingness to always try something new which in result, has kept Facebook on the top among all other social media sites.

Financial Analysis of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola

PepsiCo and Coca Cola are two major companies that manufacture beverages. They compete to be the number on manufacturer and distributor of beverages in the world. These two companies are very identifiable in this market and you know them as PepsiCo and Coca Cola. These two companies have undoubtedly dominated the markets worldwide that they both receive universal recognition for their different products. Although, there are many other manufacturers and distributors of beverages these two are the major competitors.Not only do they produce soda drinks, they also produce flavored water, spring water, and some energy drinks. PepsiCo, best known for Pepsi and Coca Cola best known for Coke have great marketing anddue to this they are able to target all income brackets. Their marketing and reasonable prices make iteasy for the people to buy their products in all income brackets. I will be examining both company’s income statements and balance sheets to disclose thefinancial condition of these companies in relation one to another.I will also perform vertical andhorizontal analysis from their annual report of financial data. There are a vast amount of manufacturers and distributors in this market, but Pepsi and Coca-Cola have managed to stay in the number one spot for a couple of decades. These two companies have not only dominated the market domestically they have dominated the worldwide market. They followed a plan that kept them above and beyond the market of soft drinks. They have overcome obstacles that allowed them to manufacture and distribute globally. (The Coca Cola Company, 2009).These companies compete with one another for the same customers. When one company comes up with a product the other company comes out with something very similar to it; this is called the â€Å"follow up strategy,† and while doing so they live the other companies behind dazed and confused, wondering what just happened. (www. PepsiCo. com, 2009). Being successful does not come without a price, both of this companies has had to deal with legal issues, precedents, and politics. These two companies are the best examples on how leadership is the power of influence.They design their product geared towards a certain taste and to appeal to a certain population and make look as though they are subjected to certain ethical and moral practices. Their influence in this market is so powerful that they drive out and shut down any other competitor in this market. I would like for you to keep in mind that all financial data of these companies are shown in millions so if you see a figure of 200 that means 200 million and if you see 5,000 it is in the billions. We will start with a vertical analysis of these companies. The vertical analysis comes from each company’s financial statements.The total assets for each company will be the starting point of this analysis. Coca Cola’s total assets in 2004 were $31,441 and its 2005 total assets were $29,427. Pep siCo’s total assets for 2004 were $27,987 and its total assets for 2005 were $31,727. (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2008). The total asset of each of the figures relates to items from each company’s balance sheet. The cost of sales for PepsiCo during 2004 was $12,674 yielding a ratio percentage of 45. 3% of total assets and for 2005 the cost of sales was $14,167 yielding a ratio percentage of 44. 7% of total assets.Coca-Cola’s cost of sales in 2004 was $7,674 yielding a ratio percentage of 24. 4% of total assets and in 2005it was $8,195 yielding a ratio percentage of 27. 8% of total assets. PepsiCo experienced a 5% increase within a one year span and Coca Cola experienced a 3. 4% increase during the same span. This does not mean that this increase is a positive analysis since the single figure does not reveal whether the increase is a positive measure. A higher cost of sales may not be offset by higher revenues matching or exceeding the increased cost. The next th ing we are going to look at is net income.Pepsi had in 2004 a net income of $4,212 and this yielded a ratio percentage of 15. 1% of total assets and in 2005 their net income was $4,078 yielding a ratio percentage of 13. 2% of their total assets. This is a 1. 9% decrease in their net income between 2004 and 2005 and they also show a decrease in the cost of sales during the same period. Coke on the other hand had a net income of $4,847 in 2004 yielding a ratio percentage of 15. 4% and in2005 their net income was $4,872 yielding a ratio of 16. 6% of their total assets. This shows and an increase of 1. 2% between 2004 and 2005.Although they experienced an increase it is not entirely an offset of their income overall, making this a negative indication for Coca Cola. Now the breakdown of each company’s consolidated balance sheets to compare current assets and current liabilities to their total assets for each year considered. Pepsi’s total current assets in 2004 were $8,639 which yields a ratio percentage of 30. 9% of total assets for that year. Pepsi’s total current assets in 2005 were $10,454 which yields a ratio percentage of 32. 9% of total assets. This shows a 2%increase in current assets.In contrast coca Cola current asset in 2004 were $12,281 yielding a ratio percentage of 39. 1% and in 2005 current asset were $10,250 yielding a ratio percentage of 34. 8%;which show a major decrease in their current assets. Although, there was a significant decrease in their current assets it was accompanied by a decrease in their current liabilities, which would be a positive indication for Coke instead of a negative one. Looking at the horizontal analysis of each company will give us more information. Horizontal analysis is also called â€Å"trend analysis† because of its ability to show financial data compared over a period of time.There are two different formulas that can be employed to teach this information. The first one uses the current yea r amount and subtracts from that the base year amount. The second formula divides the current year amount by the base year amount. The year 2004 is the base year for both companies in this analysis. Pepsi’s total current assets for 2004 were $8,639 and for 2005 were $10,454. In the first Pepsi had an increase of 121. 01% of total current assets; over their 2004 base year figure. The second formula yields a 21. 01% total current assets from the base year. Coke’s total assets in 2004 were$12,281 and $10,250 in 2005.As you can see Coke’s total current assets dropped between 2004 and2005 without performing the formulaic calculations. All the analysis shows that PepsiCo and Coca Cola both experienced lower net profits in 2005than in 2004. They showed an increased operation expenses which resulted in a lower net profit. Both has had a higher operating expense in 2005 than in 2004 and need to modify their operations to reduce their expenses so their profit margins can increase so they will not keep experiencing a decrease in profits. I have analyzed two well-known companies in this paper.These two companies are PepsiCo and Coca Cola. These two companies have been around for a long time and have stormed the market. We have seen in my vertical and horizontal analysis that their financial data reveals somewhat a different picture of each company’s financial status. Both companies have experienced a moment were they were not profitable and a moment when they were profitable. During this exercise made me realize that although these companies appear to be profitable the analyses showed that these two companies performance were very different from one another in the years 2004 and 2005

Case History for Therapy essays

Case History for Therapy essays Mariah C. is a 26 year old Caucasian woman who lives in a suburban western town. She has come to therapy because of difficulty with interpersonal relationships, both in her personal and work life. Mariah has been married for 6 years to Cliff. They have two children Melissa who is 4 years old and Mackenzie who is 18 months old. Mariah has never been in therapy before. She works full time, as does her husband. Her children are in daycare full time. She is presenting with symptoms of irritability, difficulty sleeping, new onset hypervigilance and anxiety. Mariahs first problems started in her relationship with Cliff, about three months after the birth of her last child. She reports a change in her mood, and states she is more irritable with Cliff and the children, generally for things that would not have bothered her before. Around this same time she noted some difficulty with concentration, attention to detail and a diminished energy. Other symptoms include decreased libido. Mariah denies any thoughts of self-harm. Mariah reports that she had a similar episode while she was in training to be a medical assistant. It lasted approximately 3 months and resolved relatively spontaneously without intervention with a therapist. She has sought therapy this time because she is feeling like the symptoms are more severe than before and have also stated affecting her relationships. Mariahs past medical history is unremarkable. She has been hospitalized twice for childbirth. She had an appendectomy when she was 12. She has recently discontinued breastfeeding her youngest child. She was recently started on Paxil 20 mg every morning by her family practice physician. It was at the urging of her physician that she had presented for counseling. She has been employed as a medical assistant at a local family practice clinic. She has held the same job for the last 4 years. She expresses satisfaction with ...

Free Essays on GeoTrust SSL

I. INTRODUCTION A. Overview This GeoTrust, Inc. ("GeoTrust") Certificate Practice Statement (the "CPS") presents the principles and procedures GeoTrust employs in the issuance and life cycle management of GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificates, GeoTrust True BusinessID Trial Certificates, GeoTrust Organizational Certificates, GeoTrust SecureMark Certificates and GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificates. This CPS and any and all amendments thereto are incorporated by reference into all of the above-listed GeoTrust Certificates. B. Definitions For the purposes of this CPS, all capitalized terms used herein shall have the meaning given to them in Section VIII, Definitions, or elsewhere in this CPS. C. Description and Use of Certificates 1. GeoTrut Trial Certificates GeoTrust Trial Certificates are X.509 Certificates with SSL Extensions which allow a web administrator to test SSL functionality. GeoTrust Trial Certificates are signed by the Trial CA and do not require business authentication. GeoTrust Trial Certificates are not intended to provide identification of a Subscriber's server. GeoTrust does not accept any liability whatsoever in the issuance and/or management of GeoTrust Trial Certificates. GeoTrust Trial Certificates do not in any manner chain to a Thawte CA nor is the Trial CA embedded within any browser software. To initiate a test of the GeoTrust Trial Certificates, a web administrator must install the GeoTrust Trial Certificates on their server and mark such GeoTrust Trial Certificates as trusted within the test browsers. 2. GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificates GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificates are X.509 Certificates with SSL Extensions that chain to a Thawte CA and which facilitate secure electronic commerce by providing limited authentication of a Subscriber's server and permitting SSL encrypted transactions between a Relying Party's browser and the Subscriber's server.... Free Essays on GeoTrust SSL Free Essays on GeoTrust SSL I. INTRODUCTION A. Overview This GeoTrust, Inc. ("GeoTrust") Certificate Practice Statement (the "CPS") presents the principles and procedures GeoTrust employs in the issuance and life cycle management of GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificates, GeoTrust True BusinessID Trial Certificates, GeoTrust Organizational Certificates, GeoTrust SecureMark Certificates and GeoTrust S/MIME Institutional Certificates. This CPS and any and all amendments thereto are incorporated by reference into all of the above-listed GeoTrust Certificates. B. Definitions For the purposes of this CPS, all capitalized terms used herein shall have the meaning given to them in Section VIII, Definitions, or elsewhere in this CPS. C. Description and Use of Certificates 1. GeoTrut Trial Certificates GeoTrust Trial Certificates are X.509 Certificates with SSL Extensions which allow a web administrator to test SSL functionality. GeoTrust Trial Certificates are signed by the Trial CA and do not require business authentication. GeoTrust Trial Certificates are not intended to provide identification of a Subscriber's server. GeoTrust does not accept any liability whatsoever in the issuance and/or management of GeoTrust Trial Certificates. GeoTrust Trial Certificates do not in any manner chain to a Thawte CA nor is the Trial CA embedded within any browser software. To initiate a test of the GeoTrust Trial Certificates, a web administrator must install the GeoTrust Trial Certificates on their server and mark such GeoTrust Trial Certificates as trusted within the test browsers. 2. GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificates GeoTrust True BusinessID Web Server Certificates are X.509 Certificates with SSL Extensions that chain to a Thawte CA and which facilitate secure electronic commerce by providing limited authentication of a Subscriber's server and permitting SSL encrypted transactions between a Relying Party's browser and the Subscriber's server....

Dinosaurs at the National Museum of Natural History

Dinosaurs at the National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History The Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of Natural History is comparable in size to New York’s American Museum of Natural History, but less of its floor space is devoted to dinosaurs. Even so, youll find a considerable number of dinosaur skeletons herenot fabricated reproductions, but actual fossils, including the famous roadkill Triceratops that (until the 1990s) was the most complete in the world, the tyrannosaur Gorgosaurus, and the sauropod Diplodocus. Most of these reconstructions can be viewed in the exhibit The Last American Dinosaurs: Discovering a Lost World, along with lesser-known genera like Thescelosaurus and Sphaerotholus. One of the oldest dinosaur museums in the world, the National Museum of Natural History has had to periodically remove its exhibits from display in order to restore or refurbish them (or, in some cases, to completely repose them according to the latest theories of dinosaur physiology). For example, the Triceratops mentioned above has been given a complete facelift, as has the museums famous Stegosaurus (which has been reoriented so that it appears to be reacting to the Allosaurus skeleton directly behind it, which clearly intends to eat it for lunch). If youre interested in any fossils over and above dinosaurs, youll unfortunately have to wait until 2019, as the National Museum prepares the National Fossil Hall for the public. If you simply cant wait, though, you can access a live view of the hall-in-progress at the museums website.

Argument Essay - Government should provide free education for

Argument - Government should provide free education for everyone, Do you agree - Essay Example First, because of the economy at the national level, â€Å"school budgets are strained at the private level, diminishing the quality of education† (Whelan, 2009, p.1). When budget issues arise because of economic difficulties, layoffs of teaching staff occur or certain activities which provide better education are cut from the school curriculum. The University of Leeds, as one example, recently announced a major budget reduction of  £35 million, with most of this in areas of staff wages (Whelan). When staff members are layed off or witness salary reductions, their internal motivations to provide quality education are reduced. This is why the government should use their strong financial resources to prop up private budgets so that students can have access to free educational tools and not worry about being given an education by unmotivated instructors. Also, at the parent level, the costs of education are significant and growing each year. The average cost to put one child through school is  £10,000 (Ross, 2009). When parents are facing rising costs in areas of household spending, such as with food inflation, these high costs of education can make parents have to decide to put their child through schooling which is not superior in terms of quality or performance. The government has the expertise and resources to assist in taking this burden off parents so that spending can occur in other areas to enhance household lifestyle. Third, free education would open up a great deal of choice for potential students and they would no longer be bound to attending only local or affordable colleges and universities. Using governmental resources, a student can begin analysis of many different learning facilities to find the one which best fits their unique skills or career-needs profile. When students are forced to pay the bill for

Demonstrate your comprehension of SocioCultural Theory Essay

Demonstrate your comprehension of SocioCultural Theory - Essay Example For instance, if an individual travels in a foreign land and spends adequate time there, he or she is likely to learn the language of the foreign country. The sociocultural theory explains that the interaction of people from different origins and backgrounds exposures people to a dynamic learning experience. Essentially, the learning environment has grown to be very dynamic in the recent years. People from different ethnic and racial backgrounds meet in similar education institutions for studies. In this case, cultural interaction has been promoted and, therefore, diversified the educational exposure. According to the social cultural theory, each culture has its unique kits of intellectual adoption. The kits for intellectual adoption provide children with an opportunity to utilize their basic mental skills in a manner that is adaptive to their present culture. Different cultures have different intellectual adoption kits and, therefore, living in different cultures requires an individual to possess diversified intellectual adaption kits. The American education system is quite diversified and accommodates students from different races, ethnic groups and minority groups. Research has shown that students from the minority ethnic groups perform poor compared to those from the majority ethnic groups. The poor performance of students from the minority ethnic groups is fueled by a number of factors. For instance, the students feel alienated from the rest of the student population. In addition, students from minority ethnic groups feel unmotivated and, therefore, lack the mutual drive for efficient performance. The issue of ethnicity in the education system should be resolved to enhance equitable access to the education services for all students. Students should not be victimized on basis of skin complexion or ethnic background. Instead, students should be motivated to interact socially and learn from each other’s culture.

Location and Layout of IKEA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Location and Layout of IKEA - Assignment Example Elements pertaining to prospective customers become crucial considerations in creating the internal environment of retail stores and outlets that embodies its marketing philosophy, and finding the site that best supports its marketing strategy. Ikea is an internationally renowned furniture company with a global presence and strong market following. Its key strategy is to provide quality at affordable cost; its vision is to enable everybody, regardless of economic wealth or status, to be able to acquire beautifully designed and well manufactured furniture at reasonable prices. In order to realize this vision, costs must be kept down and distribution made more efficient, which are the most important objectives in the location and layout of Ikea stores. ... 1.0 Introduction The management decision about where to locate the firm’s productive facilities is always a critical strategic consideration for the firm, because it involves a long term investment, and it impacts on cost efficiency and therefore profitability. Layout is likewise of critical concern because the manner in which facilities are appointed either support or constrain smooth operations. While these aspects of a business are important in all types of operations such as manufacturing, it is in in the retail distribution function (whether in goods or services) that both layout and location play a crucial role, because of the interface it creates between the firm’s productive activities and its intended market. Ikea is a retail company whose stores’ location and layout designs are governed by the company philosophy; as a consequence, these aspects of the business have assumed unique characteristics that have provided the firm both advantages and disadvanta ges. 2.0 Literature Review Layout concerns â€Å"the optimum arrangement of facilities including personnel, operating equipment, storage space, material handling equipment, and all other supporting services along with the design of the best structure to contain all these facilities† (Moore, 1962 as cited in Kumar & Suresh, 2006, p. 14). Traditionally, the basic types of layout are fixed position, process, cell, and product layout schemes (Slack, et al., 2010). There are numerous combinations of these basic types, and in detailing one particular design in a retail centre, important considerations are market strategy and flow of people and materials. Location of facilities is â€Å"a long term capacity decision which involves a long-term commitment about the geographically static factors that affect a

Report 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Report 2 - Essay Example c Growth that significant developments in the trade across the Atlantic Ocean only acted as the catalyst for the strong rise of Western Europe after 1500. That is, European countries on the West side had number of ports along the Atlantic Ocean, and these ports facilitated substantial trade with the New World, Africa, and Asia. This trade aided the merchant groups and the monarchy to become strong forces, gaining not only financial resources but importantly political clout. As Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (551) point out the trade opportunities made the monarchy to ally with the merchant groups, and both were the â€Å"main beneficiaries of the early profits from Atlantic trade and plunder,† and no anti-establishment groups favoring changes in political institutions could become powerful enough to challenge them. In addition, due to this heightened trade in the Atlantic Ocean, ports cities underwent urbanization, thereby even changing the ‘physical outlook’ (infrastructures) of Western Europe. Although, anti-establishment groups could not do anything, the merchant groups started becoming a strong force due to the economic clout they had, and even started dictating terms to the Monarchy. â€Å"Atlantic trade strengthened merchant groups by constraining the power of the monarchy, and helped merchants obtain changes in institutions to protect property rights.† (Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson 546). These changes mainly led to subsequent positive economic growth that was particularly witnessed in Western

Does Global warming exist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Does Global warming exist - Essay Example Global warming usually occurs when greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide is trapped in the atmosphere thus causing a thickening blanket that traps the heat from the sun, making the planet earth to warm up continuously over a period of time (National Research Council (U.S.), 2010). There is clear evidence that there has been a marked change in the composition of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that currently stands at 390 ppm and even higher levels have been recorded at 400ppm at Mauna Loa, Hawaii in May 2013. It can now be proven that the average global temperature has undergone a change of about 1.4 °F in the last one hundred years (National Research Council (U.S), 2010). While the American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) found that, the period between years 2000 and 2010 was the warmest on record with 2005 and 2010 being the warmest (Giese, 20113). Scientists also project that Earth's average temperatures will raise between 2 and 12 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100 which will be disastrous to human life and all the animal life on the planet earth (National Research Council (U.S.), 2011).The rise in the global temperature has been shown through the changes in weather and ultimately the climate of regions such as changes in rainfall pattern and intensity. The oceans, seas and glaciers have equally undergone changes while the oceans have become more acidic, the glaciers and ice caps on mountains and the Polar Regions have melted while the sea levels have risen (United States. (2010). These changes can be attributed to climate change have been due to human activities and natural variations in the weather and climate of a place. It is important to observe that the earth goes through a natural cycle of cooling, warming that may be attributed to factors such as changes in solar system, and acts such as volcanic activity and these cannot be the only explanation for the rise in temperatures (U.S. Global Change Research Program and Karl, 2009).   According to the National Research Council (U.S) (2010), the biggest cause of the increase in the global temperature of the earth is the trapped greenhouse gases in the air that trap the warmth leading to heating. This has been proven using satellite technology to measure the fluctuations in the energy from the sun; scientists have proven that the sun’s contribution is minimal as compared to human activities. The upshot of this is that the increase in temperatures currently experienced globally is due to the warming properties from greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide that trap heat in the atmosphere. The increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere that also aids in the trapping and retention of the excess greenhouse gas emissions. Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, it leads t o further warming through a

Taxonomy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Taxonomy - Case Study Example The main objective of a car crash analysis is to use a car crash data to identify critical combinations of accident that may produce the greatest amount of harm during an automobile adventure. Analyzing faults of cars and trucks in a car-truck crashes can provide important information to be used during an automobile adventure by drivers. It concentrates on investigating who is at fault between a driver of a truck and a driver of a car. Most of these faults are done by careless drivers that engage on unsafe driving acts on the roadways. For instance, a fault of leaving a vehicle in the travel lane due to inattentive driving behavior may cause a severe and costly accident. The research shows that crashes of cars and trucks are more fatal and severe than any other type of vehicle crashes and can be characterized either by low frequency of occurrence with high severity such as head-on crashes or by high frequency of occurrence with low severity like rear-end crashes (U.S. Department of T ransportation, 1999). Finding out unsafe driving acts commonly experienced on roads, due to careless and inattentive drivers, is a noble undertaking of any person embarking on an automobile adventure to test out a car. This will enlighten on some of hazards or traffic hassles that one might run into on the streets before taking a race. By ranking, these unsafe driving acts would help other drivers taking an automobile drive in a great way to identify and avoid these careless and costly acts. Taking a safe automobile drive to test a car out on a highway will require a lot of discipline and caution. In this regard, ensure that your car is fitted with tools such as air bag and speed limit among others that are essential in reducing cases of injuries and death in case a road accident occurs. A driver needs to rest enough before driving, be alert and avoid alcohol or drug while driving. The headlights, signal lights, windows and

Does Global warming exist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Does Global warming exist - Essay Example Global warming usually occurs when greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide is trapped in the atmosphere thus causing a thickening blanket that traps the heat from the sun, making the planet earth to warm up continuously over a period of time (National Research Council (U.S.), 2010). There is clear evidence that there has been a marked change in the composition of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that currently stands at 390 ppm and even higher levels have been recorded at 400ppm at Mauna Loa, Hawaii in May 2013. It can now be proven that the average global temperature has undergone a change of about 1.4 °F in the last one hundred years (National Research Council (U.S), 2010). While the American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) found that, the period between years 2000 and 2010 was the warmest on record with 2005 and 2010 being the warmest (Giese, 20113). Scientists also project that Earth's average temperatures will raise between 2 and 12 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100 which will be disastrous to human life and all the animal life on the planet earth (National Research Council (U.S.), 2011).The rise in the global temperature has been shown through the changes in weather and ultimately the climate of regions such as changes in rainfall pattern and intensity. The oceans, seas and glaciers have equally undergone changes while the oceans have become more acidic, the glaciers and ice caps on mountains and the Polar Regions have melted while the sea levels have risen (United States. (2010). These changes can be attributed to climate change have been due to human activities and natural variations in the weather and climate of a place. It is important to observe that the earth goes through a natural cycle of cooling, warming that may be attributed to factors such as changes in solar system, and acts such as volcanic activity and these cannot be the only explanation for the rise in temperatures (U.S. Global Change Research Program and Karl, 2009).   According to the National Research Council (U.S) (2010), the biggest cause of the increase in the global temperature of the earth is the trapped greenhouse gases in the air that trap the warmth leading to heating. This has been proven using satellite technology to measure the fluctuations in the energy from the sun; scientists have proven that the sun’s contribution is minimal as compared to human activities. The upshot of this is that the increase in temperatures currently experienced globally is due to the warming properties from greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide that trap heat in the atmosphere. The increased concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere that also aids in the trapping and retention of the excess greenhouse gas emissions. Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, it leads t o further warming through a

Integrated Technology Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Integrated Technology Systems - Assignment Example Response time, hysteresis, long-term stability, sensitivity are some of uncertainties. Traceability of measurements from sensors is achieved through the implementation of regional calibration programs specific to each parameter or instrument. All sensors should have long term stability of measurements to guaranty maintenance and calibration intervals of one year or more. Temperature is the specific degree of coldness or hotness as referenced to a specific scale. A temperature sensor is used in detecting changes in physical parameters such as output voltage or resistance that correspond to the temperature change. Thermocouple is built from two electrical dissimilar metals are place at one end of a circuit. Thermocouple circuit has the most considerable temperature range when compared to other temperature sensor technologies, that is –200 to +2310Â °C. Thermistor is temperature sensor that proportionally changes its resistance in relation to temperature changes. Thermistors are of two types: negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and positive temperature coefficient (PTC). PTCs have positive change in resistance with temperature rise, while NTCs have negative change in resistance when temperatures increase. RTDs (Resistive Temperature Devices) embrace a change in electrical resistance in measuring or controlling temperature. A typical RTD has a sensing element, and connection wires to measurement instrument. RTDs are resistance devices hence generate their own heat that adds up to medium being measured. Shields/Screens that house temperature sensors affect quality of measurement of atmospheric temperature. Hence these shields/screens should reduce the effects of atmospheric and environmental factors (such as solar radiation, wind, dew). The sensors for soil temperature are configured at depth of up to 100 cm in undisturbed soil. The

Historians and Their Duties Essay Example for Free

Historians and Their Duties Essay Gorman timely presents the question â€Å"Do historians as historians have an ethical responsibility, and if so to whom? † in his essay Historians and their Duties especially in an era which has seen the use of history as a way to further political agenda, invent or distort historical fact to justify political undertakings. He rightfully disputes Richard Evans’ assertion of value-free reportage of history and the restrictive historian’s duty of presenting and interpreting knowledge. In saying that â€Å"Historians are simply not trained to make moral judgments†¦they have no expertise in these things,† Evans suggests they must evade the moral question, but this is impossible. Morality governs us all, including historians. I differ in Evans’ bloodless concept of historical duty, one I think he broke after being expert witness in Irving v. Penguin Books and Lipstadt (Fulford, 2001) where he became instrumental in the conviction of a historian for distorting historical interpretations about the Holocaust. I think history, to become a significant part in advancing knowledge and good in society, must refuse to be monastic or ornamental, but instead be engaging and useful to mankind. I find Butterfield’s thoughts on ethics provocative in the verbose Bentley essay Herbert Butterfield and the Ethics of Historiography. The most striking is his recommended passive attitude to international politics: â€Å"Whatever wicked things we may think are done†¦ †¦ we have no right to say a word†¦ until we have forgiven the sin and covered it up with love. It strikes as a worldview that is either naive or cruel because it seems to justify crimes against humanity. I find it hard to reconcile with his anti-Whiggish stance condemning the selective presentation of history from the viewpoint of the victor (Schweizer, 2007). Is he, in the process, recommending us to absolve Hitler or the U. S. which he disdained for dropping the A-bomb on Hiroshima? I believe he is, and historians, to his view, being limited in understanding, cannot truly uncover the hand of God or Providence, enough for them to deliberate moral judgments of history. Responses to Student Views Unlike the first student response, I support Butterfield’s criticism of selective or rejectionist approach to the interpretation of history with a bias to the â€Å"victor†. I share his view of world events as a historical process. This is something that historians must take careful consideration of when upholding â€Å"objectivity† and â€Å"truth† in the conduct of their profession. Historical events are not static, after all, but an accumulation of events, not people, of experiences, not single victories. Regarding his treatise on passivity and quietism, Butterfield no doubt shares the brand of Christian helplessness when it comes to appreciating world events. I agree with the second student response on his critique of Evans, who promotes value-free interpretation of history as a duty of the ideal historian. I believe that duties of historians extend far more than writing history, but of injecting analysis and viewpoints as well, as long as he does not distort or invent historical fact in doing so. On being â€Å"politically neutral†, I have to disagree. It is true that historians possess a great deal of influence in shaping public perception of how events should be interpreted. In analyzing historical facts, the historian must take a stand, and in this manner, he loses his neutrality. He cannot claim the correctness of two contradictory interpretations but must determine which interpretation finds basis in fact. Indeed, historians cannot exempt themselves from ethical responsibility just because they feel a presumptive need to produce a â€Å"dispassionate† account of history. I think Gorman wrote this essay assuming essay that historians today are a vast and eclectic mix with varying dispositions. He preempts those who have an overly â€Å"institutional† view of ethics in saying: â€Å"As business people or historians, we surely all share the same moral world. † I agree that historians have the ethical duty to pass moral judgment and those who find themselves incapable of deliberating such must undergo â€Å"moral education. †

Implementing Product Life Cycle Management in Indian Product

Implementing Product Life Cycle Management in Indian Product IMPLEMENTING PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN PRODUCT MANUFACTURE ORGANIZATIONS Abstract Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from market demand, product design, manufacturing, services and disposal. By integrating people, data, process, business systems to provide product information which can foster a companys product innovation ability and their extended enterprise. In short all-encompassing vision for managing all data relating to the design, production, support and ultimate disposal of manufactured goods. The aerospace, medical devices, military, nuclear and automobile industries need to maintain safety and control extremely important. This safety and control measure brought about the concept of PLM in to the market. The configuration management further evolved into electronic data management systems. This further evolved into data management systems. By using the PLM features, many manufacturers of industrial machinery, capital goods, consumer electronics and packaged goods have benefited largely in the past ten years, since the advent of the PLM. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT: Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the procedure of managing the complete lifecycle of a product. It symbolizes the encompassing vision for supervising all the data relating to the design, manufacturing, support and the dumping of the produced goods. The concept of PLM was first introduced in the areas where safety and control were extremely important like aerospace, nuclear industries, military and medical device. These industries invented the discipline of configuration management (CM), which later got evolved in to the electronic data management system (EDMS), and this was further developed to the product data management (PDM). The usage of PLM solution has benefited the manufacturers of the industrial machinery, packaged goods, consumer electronics and complicated engineered products, and also there is a rapid increase in the adoption of PLM software by the industries. Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the procedure of managing the complete lifecycle of a product from its beginning, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal. PLM integrates people, data, processes and business systems and provides a product information backbone for companies and their extended enterprise. Product lifecycle management is one of the four cornerstones of a corporations information technology system structure. Every company needs to communicate and share information with their customer relation management (CRM) and also shared with the supply chain management and their resources with enterprises management (ERP-Enterprise Resource Planning) and their planning (SDLC-System Development Life-cycle). The manufacturing and engineering companies should compulsorily develop, describe, manage, and communicate information about their products. 1.2 PLM SOLUTIONS:[1] 1.3 Some requirements of PLM: * Data File Control Management (The right data†¦) * Product Data Access Control (To the right person†¦) * Workflow Process Management (At the right time†¦) * Geometry Management * CAD File Control Management * Digital Mockup * Integration Point For Single Source of Product Data * Information System Interfaces * Authoring Application Integration * Product Data Distribution * Product Data Viewing * Change Control * Configuration Identification * Configuration Status Accounting, Verification and Audit * Program / Project Management Coordination * Requirements Design Traceability 1.4 Benefits: Benefits of product lifecycle management include:- * Reduced time to market * Improve product quality * Reduced prototyping costs * Saving through the re-use of original data * A frame work for product optimization * Reduce waste * Saving through the complete integration of engineering workflows 1.5 History: Inspiration for the burgeoning business process now known as PLM came when America Motor Corporation (AMC) was looking for a way to speed up its product development process to compete better against its larger competitors in 1985, according to Francois casting Vice President for Product Engineering and Development. After the introduction of its compact jeep Cherokee (XJ), the vehicle that launched the modern sport utility vehicle (SUV) market, AMC began to develop a new model, which later came out as Jeep Grand Cherokee. The first part in its quest for faster product development was Computer Aided Design (CAD) software system that makes engineers more productive. The conflicts are very easily solved by using new communication system .By this system costly engineering also changes because of availability of drawings and documents in a central database. AMC was purchased by Chrysler because of the effectiveness of the product data management .This made the designing and building product to connect with enterprise. While an early adopter of PLM technology, Chrysler was able to become the auto industrys lowest-cost producer, recording development costs that were half of the industry average for the Burge owning business process now known as PLM came when America average by the mid-1990s. C:Documents and SettingskranthiDesktoprakesh_prj_imgRKSH_IMG4.bmp Fig 1. Layout of Product life cycle management 1.6 Timeline -Increasing Productivity with Technology:[2] 1980s  § Introduction of Commercial Computer Aided Design (CAD) radically improved  § Productivity in Product Design 1990s  § Adoption of ERP Systems  § ERP Systems included Engineering and Change Management Modules  § Design Build remained separated in silos 2000s  § Adoption of Workflow Web technologies accelerated PLM concepts  § Workflow enabled collaboration between different company silos  § PLM drastically improved NPI cycle cutting time cost  § PLM extended visibility and collaboration to CMs Suppliers using the we Present  § PLM extended Product Design to 3rd party Design Outsourcing  § Collaboration extended across the global chain to Customers Suppliers  § Introduction of Industry Government Standards Compliance  § Adoption of Collaborative Quality Improvement across the supply chain  § Adoption of Program/Project based PLM Portfolio Management  § Adoption of PLM Analytics and Intelligence for Cost/Process Analysis Improve. 1.7 Phases of Product lifecycle:[3] There are many software solutions now developed which are use to organize and integrate the various phases of the product ‘s life cycle. PLM is the single software with a suite of tools with several working methods, all these integrates to define single or different stage of product life cycle. PLM range is covered by some software providers but other only single application. Some of the applications can span various fields of PLM with different modules, with in the similar data model. All fields in PLM are covered here. It should also not be forgotten that one of the main goals of PLM is to collect knowledge that can be reused for other projects and to coordinate simultaneous concurrent development of many products. PLM is mainly related with engineering tasks and also involves the activities of marketing like Product Portfolio Management (PPM), and mainly with regards to the new product introduction (NPI). 1.7.1. Phase 1: Conceive: Imagine, specify, plan, and innovate The initial phase in idea is the definition of its requirements based on customer, company, market and regulatory bodies viewpoints. Major technical parameter can be defined by this product specification. Many functional aspect and requirement specification are carried out parallel with the initial concept design work carried out by defining the visual aesthetics of the product. For the Industrial Design Styling, work many different media are used from pencil and paper, clay models to 3D Computer Aided Design software 1.7.2. Phase 2: Design: Describe, Define, Develop, Test, Analyze and validate This is where the detailed design and development of the products form starts, progressing to prototype testing, through pilot release to full product launch. It may also include the redesign and ramp for improvement to present products as well as Planned obsolescence. CAD tool is used for design and development. This can be a simple or plain 2D Drawing / Drafting or 3D Parametric Feature Based Solid/Surface Modeling. Such software includes technology such as Hybrid Modeling, Reverse Engineering, KBE (Knowledge Based Engineering), NDT (Non Destructive Testing), Assembly construction This step covers many engineering disciplines including: Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic, Software (embedded), and domain-specific, such as Architectural, Aerospace, Automotive, Along with the actual creation of geometry there is the analysis of the components and product assemblies. By standing alone the CAE (Computer-aided engineering) software can perform simulation validation and optimization task or it may carry out by integrating with CAD package. These are used to perform tasks such as: Dimensional tolerance (Engineering) analysis task is performed by using CAQ (computer aided quality) such as Dimensional Tolerance (engineering) Analysis. Another task which is carried out at this phase is the sourcing of bought out components, possibly with the aid of Procurement systems. 1.7.3. Phase 3: Realize Manufacture, Make, Build, Procure, Produce, Sell and Deliver: The method of manufacturing is defined when the design of the products componnent is completed. It performs task such as design creation of CNC machining instructions for the products part as also it can perform tolls to manufacture those product which can be done using integrated or separate CAM. Process simulation for operations such as casting molding and die press forming will also be involve in the analysis tools. CPM comes in to play only when the manufacture method gets identified. The original CAD data with the use of Computer Aided Inspection equipment and software is used for checking the geometrical form and size of the components after they get manufactured. Sales product configuration and marketing documentation work will be taking place parallel to the engineering task. This could include transferring engineering data (geometry and part list data) to a web based sales configuration and other Desktop Publishing systems 1.7.4. Phase 4: Service: Use, Operate, Maintain, Support, sustain, phase-out, Retire, Recycle and Disposal In final stage of the lifecycle the managing of in service information is involved. The repair and maintence, waste management/recycling information is provided to the customers and to service engineers. Maintenance repair and operation management software tools are involved. 1.7.5. All phases: Product lifecycle: Communicate, Manage and Collaborate In many cases or in real practical a project does not run sequentially or maintain isolation of other project development project. The co-ordination of and management of product definition data is the main part of PLM, it includes release status of the components, managing of engineering changes, management of documents, project resources planning, configuration product variations, timescale and risk assessment. The text and metadata such as the product bills of materials needs to be managed. At the engineering departments stage this is the area of PDM (Product Data Management) software, at the commercial level EDM (Enterprise Data Management) software; it is typical to see two or more data management systems within an organization. These systems are also linked to other systems such as SCM, CRM, and ERP. Associated with these systems are Project Management Systems for Project/Program Planning. Numerous collaborative product development tools cover this central role which runs throu ghout the whole life cycle and across organizations. This needs various technology tools in the area of Conferencing, Data Sharing and Data Translation. CHAPTER 2 Research study conducted on (Cell phone) During past decade of time the, cell phone has become a part of our daily life .Like any product, making a cell phone and its parts requires natural resources and energy. Understanding the life cycle of a product can help you make environmental choices about the products you use, and how you dispose of them. Let us consider the example of a Nokia cell phone product life cycle management. 2.1 Concept Design:[4] The design of the product influences each stage of its lifecycle and also influences the environment. Design will affect the materials which are used in manufacturing of a product. If cheaper materials are used they are less durable, the product will have a short useful life. Waste can be prevented by proper design of the product. The design of the product with modular components can be easily replaced and entire product need not be thrown away if only one part of the product gets broken. The items having long life, trendy design should be avoided because they are not thrown away when they go out of style. 2.2 Materials Extraction:[4] All products are manufactured from the materials which are found in or on the earth. Raw materials, such as trees or ore, are directly mined or harvested from the earth and this process can create a lot of pollution and also involves usage of large amounts of energy and depletes the limited natural resources. The manufacturing of new products from recycled materials will reduce the amounts of the raw materials, being taken from the earth. The hand set consists of 40 percent metals, 40 percent plastics, and 20 percent ceramics and trace materials. The circuit board which is also termed as a printed wiring board, present in the hand set is the main component and is the brain of the cell phone controlling all of its functions. The circuit boards are up of mined and raw materials like silicon, copper, lead, nickel, tantalum, beryllium and other metals. Circuit board manufacturing requires crude oil for plastics and limestone and sand for the fiberglass, these materials are also known as â€Å"persistent toxins† and can stay in the environment for long periods of time even after their disposal. The cell phone consists of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a low power, flat- panel display on the front of the phone that shows information and images. The passage of electric current through it makes it opaque. The contrast between the opaque and transparent areas forms visible characters. Various liquid crystalline substances, either naturally occurring (such as mercury, a potentially dangerous substance) or human-made, are used to make LCDs, require the usage of plastic or glass. The rechargeable batteries used to power the phones can use several types of batteries: nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-Ion), nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cad), or lead acid. These batteries contain nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, and copper. 2.3 Materials Processing:[4] Once materials are extracted, they must be converted into a form that can be used to make products. For example, in cell phones: Crude oil is combined with natural gas and chemicals in a processing plant to make plastic; Copper is mined, ground, heated, and treated with chemicals and electricity to isolate the pure metal used to make circuit boards and batteries. The resulting copper pieces are transported to the manufacturer where they are formed into sheets and wires. 2.4 Manufacturing:[4] The basic shape of the circuit board is made by using plastics and fiberglass, and is then coated with gold plating. The board has several electronic components which are connected with wires made of copper and are soldered to the board, are secured with coatings and protective glues. LCDs are manufactured by sandwiching the liquid crystal in between layers of plastic or glass. Batteries have two separate parts known as electrodes, which are made from two different metals. Electrolyte is a liquid substance which touches each electrode. 2.5 Packaging Transportation:[4] The use of packaging can protect products from damage and provide product information. Finished products are transported in trucks, planes, and trains to different locations where they are sold. All of these modes of transportation burn fossil fuels, which can contribute to global climate change. The finished products and the parts of the cell phone require packaging and transportation in order to get from one place to another. The transportation done by plane, rail or truck requires the usage of the fossils fuels for energy, which contribute to the global climate change. While the packaging of the product protects it from getting damaged, identifies contents and provides information, decorative or excessive packaging can be wasteful. Packaging makes use of the valuable natural resources which include paper (from trees), plastics (from crude oil from the earth), and aluminum (from ore) and other materials, all of which makes use of energy to produce and can result in waste. 2.6 Reuse/Recycling/Disposal:[4] The way products are used can impact the environment. For example, products that are only used once create more waste than products that are used again and again. Using a product over and over again prevents the need to create the product from scratch, which saves resources and energy while also preventing pollution. Recycling or re-manufacturing products also reduces the amount of new materials that have to be extracted from the earth. Always comparison shop to be sure that you get the proper service and the phone that is right for you. By using the rechargeable batteries in cell phones reduces the amount of the waste and toxicity that disposable batteries will create. Be sure to follow the manufacturers instructions for charging your batteries so you can extend their life as long as possible 2.7 Life:[4] Recycling or donating the cell phones when they are no longer needed by you or want them extends their useful lives, and preventing them from going into the trash where they can cause problems relating to the environment. 2.8 Reuse:[4] Many organizations including recyclers, Charities, and electronics manufacturers accept working cell phones and offer them to schools, community organizations, and individuals in need. Reuse provides people, who cannot afford them, free or reduced cost access to new phones and their accessories. And thereby it extends the useful lifetime of a phone. 2.9 Recycle:[4] Springing up of electronics recyclers is every-where. Today, various stores, recycling centers and manufacturers accept cell phones for recycling. While few electronics recyclers only allow large shipments, the communities, schools, or groups can work together to collect used cell phones for shipment to electronics recyclers. Some of the rechargeable batteries can also be recycled, as many retail stores and some communities have started collecting them. The material recovered from the rechargeable batteries when they are recycled can be used for making new stainless steel products and batteries. You can use the phone book or Internet to find the local contacts that refurbish and recycle cell phones. 2.10 Disposal:[4] By 2009, the rate at which cell phones are discarded is predicted to exceed 125 million phones each year, resulting in more than 65,000 tons of waste. The cell phones which are thrown into the trash end up in a landfill or are burned. As the cell phone contains plastics, chemical, metals and other hazardous substances, you should always recycle, donate or trade in your old cell phone. 2.11 Headset:[4] Many people use a cell phone headset when they are driving or when they are walking around to keep their hands free. Most models of headsets can be reused when you buy a new phone. 2.12 Belt clip:[4] Some people buy belt clips to carry cell phones while not in use. Reusing or donating your belt clip when you are finished using it prevents waste. 2.13 Face plate:[4] Decorative face plates can be trendy and fun, but you dont need them to use a cell phone. The best way to prevent waste is to simply not buy products you dont need. If you do buy face plates, donate unwanted ones to a charity or swap them with your friends instead of throwing them away. Portable gaming cell phones have a lot of the same parts as hand-held video game and CD players, consoles and portable CD players, including speakers, circuit boards, and LCDs. Old or broken consoles and players can also be reused or recycled when no longer wanted. Advances in cell phone technology have given phones many uses today. CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDY 3.1 Case study: Siemens Siemens Home and Office Communication Devices (SHC) is a leading company for home and office communication infrastructure. The company sells its products in more than 50 countries. 3.1.1 Business Challenge: SHC has several engineering and manufacturing disciplines which are unique and located at one single site, in Germany. Mold tooling development, mechanical design development, manufacturing and assembling are all done in Bocholt, Germany. For Siemens the market pressure is very high in electronics and electric and consumer goods, and there is stress from this competition to reduce development cycles and its time to market new goods, as there is a wide range of products introduced into the market year after year with new designs and more complexity. Therefore Siemens recognized that it has to make improvements in its quality and thus needed to enhance the supply chain integration and collaboration to meet its marketing challenges. Siemens soon recognized that to overcome the external and internal pressures it has to improve its development and product life cycle for the future success of Siemens SHC. Siemens had been working with a 3-D CAD system â€Å" Euclid 3† for about 10 years on which it had made all possible improvements and it cannot upgrade it any further, so it has to get help from outside partner to help and implement a new product life cycle (PLM) system. 3.1.2 Solution: Siemens in partnership with IBM services implemented CATIA V5 and SMART TEAM as a new PLM platform for improvement in product development. CATIA V5 has a set of predefined product and process templates, helps to quickly complete even sophisticated design tasks with a high level of accuracy. With CATIA V5 and SMARTEAM, SHC has improved design innovation, taking advantage of the existing know-how and design to manufacturing process to the development and reduction of costs. In addition to that, this tool has helped make the mold tool development and NC manufacturing very competitive with low-cost suppliers from places like China. 3.2 Case study 2: Airbus UK 3.2.1 Business Challenge: To meet tight deadlines for delivery and reduce design and manufacturing costs by constantly improving working processes throughout the aircraft lifecycle. 3.2.2 Solution: IBM has provided with a team of flexible and scalable experts which included strategic business consultants, aircraft industry specialists and project managers to define and implement transformation programs in business, financial and organizational disciplines. 3.2.3 Business Benefits: Improved collaboration with suppliers eliminated data re-entry, saving â‚ ¬18 million on collaboration with suppliers. * Improved concurrent engineering reduced lead time on wing by 41 weeks (36% reduction). * The worlds first flight of largest passenger aircraft completed on time. * Keeping Scheduled programming. * Innovative practices introduced from concurrent engineering and collaborative working. 3.2.4 Why it matters? IBM team created new business, financial and organizational processes to meet the deadlines while cost cutting the design and manufacturing for the new Airbus A380. These changes has transformed the airplane manufacturing methodology while enabling Airbus UK to cut cost and time out of design and manufacture, improve collaboration with suppliers and deliver key components on schedule to ensure the A380 aircrafts on-time first flight. 3.2.5 Key Components: IBM Global Business Services In developing the new technologies and pushing the boundaries of knowledge in the aerospace industry Airbus is leading the world. Airbus is an extremely complex business, which employs advanced technologies and procedures, some of which have mainly been developed for this project. In such a large-scale, modern design and manufacturing process, a lot of attention is paid at keeping costs under control. Wing assembly is one of the most complex parts of the aircraft, an element for which Airbus UK has the design and manufacturing responsibility. The company realized early in the A380 program that new processes would be needed to achieve the aggressive timeline for the airplane. â€Å"We needed to radically transform our approach to the A380, and saw value in bringing in an objective external consultancy to help define and implement new ways of working,† says Iain Gray, Managing Director of Airbus UK. Nowhere is this more evident than in its design and development of the A380, the worlds largest passenger jet. Airbus is a highly complex business, employing advanced technologies and processes, some of which have specifically been developed for this project. In such a large-scale, innovative design and manufacturing operation, much attention is paid to keeping costs under control. Airbus UK commissioned IBM Global Business Services to bring together a team of experts to analyze designs, design processes and manufacturing operations. â€Å"IBM is exclusively placed to give advice and help us transform Airbus UK,† s ays Gray. â€Å"It has enormous breadth and depth of knowledge, with expertise in business, financial and organizational disciplines as well as the aircraft industry and computer technology.† The core IBM Global Business Services program team includes strategic business consultants, aircraft industry specialists and project managers. This team is expanded when ever required by drafting in specialists and consultants who bring a complete cross-section of business and technical skills relevant to the specific problem being addressed. 3.2.6 Designing out cost: â€Å"Initiatives from IBM Global Business Services help us drive cost out of design and manufacture, improve collaborative working, and transform the way we work with our many subcontractors,† explains Gray. Improved collaboration with suppliers eliminated data re-entry, saving â‚ ¬18 million. The IBM team has helped the Airbus UK improve the concurrent engineering, reducing lead time of the wing by 41 weeks (36 percent reduction). Sometimes, initiatives originated directly from the IBM team. Airbus built complete 3D models of A380 components to analyze clash conditions in airframe systems and structure before committing to cut metal—for example, to ensure that there were adequate clearances for slat and flap mechanisms on the wing and the landing gear. Such large-scale 3D modeling involves an enormous volume of number-crunching, which would normally trigger the purchase of large processors. Seeing this situation, IBM consultants introduced Airbus to the concept of GRID computing, which pools unutilized processing capacity in hundreds of distributed workstations for use with processor-intensive applications. A prototype was developed, and IBM then completed the implementation of GRID technology, there by saving Airbus a considerable investment. In the area of business transformation, IBM Global Business Services is organizing an experienced team of human resource and organizational specialists to help Airbus UK transform from a development organization to one undertaking large-scale serial production. The key aspect in the success of the A380 program is educating several hundred people across Airbus UK and its many of the subcontractors in the new tools, processes and collaborative working. With an infinite pool of resources, IBM responded very rapidly to Airbus training needs, building and delivering of tailored courses that reflect the processes and technologies defined at the strategic level. 3.3 Case Study 3: Maruti Udyog Ltd Maruti Udyog Ltd., a subsidiary of Suzuki Moto Corporation of Japan, has been the leading Indian passenger car maker for about two decades. The company has a diverse portfolio that includes: the Maruti 800;the Omni; a premium small car, Zen; the international brands, Alto and WagonR; an off-roader, Gypsy; the mid-size Esteem; a luxury car, Baleno; an MPV, Versa; a premium subcompact car, Swift; and a luxury SUV, Grand Vitara XL7. The companys 11 base platforms encompass300 variants for 100 export destinations. According to Marutis vision statement, its goals include maintaining leadership in the Indian automobile industry, creating customer delight, increasing shareholder wealth and being â€Å"a pride of India.† Customers have shown their approval, ranking Maruti high in customer satisfaction for six years in a row according to the J.D. Power Asia Pacific 2005 India Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) Study. The company has also ranked highest in the India Sales Satisfaction St udy. 3.3.1The need for PLM: Among the companys product development challenges, the need for shorter cycle times is always at the top. Management wants to be able to launch new models faster and reduce the time required for minor changes and development of product variants. Another challenge is co-development. Marutis goal is to collaborate closely with its global teams and suppliers on the development of new platforms and product freshening. Other challenges include streamlining the process of vehicle localization and enhancing quality and reliability. These challenges pointed directly to a product lifecycle management (PLM) solution with capabilities for information management, process management, knowledge capture and support for global collaboration; a PLM solution directly addressing Marutis business challenges. For example, PLMs information management capabilities address the issue of the many plat forms, local variants and export destinations. Process management permits concurrent development and faster c hange management and provides a platform for other process improvements for faster vehicle development. Knowledge capture increases innovation and also reduces costs by increasing part re-use. PLMs collaboration capabilities permit global development by ensuring fast and accurate dissemination of product information. 3.3.2. Implementation profile: Maruti selected the UGS PLM software solution because â€Å"UGS leverages the business value by offering complete PLM solution,† according to C.V. Raman, general manager, Engineering Division, Maruti Udyog Ltd. Marutis PLM implementation includes Team centre, NX and Techno matrix software. Team centre provides a wide range of functionality for release management including bills of material management and change management. Team centre also handles the vehicle localization process, coordinates the part approval process and integrates design and engineering information with the companys ERP system. Team centre also provides Implementing Product Life Cycle Management in Indian Product Implementing Product Life Cycle Management in Indian Product IMPLEMENTING PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN PRODUCT MANUFACTURE ORGANIZATIONS Abstract Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from market demand, product design, manufacturing, services and disposal. By integrating people, data, process, business systems to provide product information which can foster a companys product innovation ability and their extended enterprise. In short all-encompassing vision for managing all data relating to the design, production, support and ultimate disposal of manufactured goods. The aerospace, medical devices, military, nuclear and automobile industries need to maintain safety and control extremely important. This safety and control measure brought about the concept of PLM in to the market. The configuration management further evolved into electronic data management systems. This further evolved into data management systems. By using the PLM features, many manufacturers of industrial machinery, capital goods, consumer electronics and packaged goods have benefited largely in the past ten years, since the advent of the PLM. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT: Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the procedure of managing the complete lifecycle of a product. It symbolizes the encompassing vision for supervising all the data relating to the design, manufacturing, support and the dumping of the produced goods. The concept of PLM was first introduced in the areas where safety and control were extremely important like aerospace, nuclear industries, military and medical device. These industries invented the discipline of configuration management (CM), which later got evolved in to the electronic data management system (EDMS), and this was further developed to the product data management (PDM). The usage of PLM solution has benefited the manufacturers of the industrial machinery, packaged goods, consumer electronics and complicated engineered products, and also there is a rapid increase in the adoption of PLM software by the industries. Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the procedure of managing the complete lifecycle of a product from its beginning, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal. PLM integrates people, data, processes and business systems and provides a product information backbone for companies and their extended enterprise. Product lifecycle management is one of the four cornerstones of a corporations information technology system structure. Every company needs to communicate and share information with their customer relation management (CRM) and also shared with the supply chain management and their resources with enterprises management (ERP-Enterprise Resource Planning) and their planning (SDLC-System Development Life-cycle). The manufacturing and engineering companies should compulsorily develop, describe, manage, and communicate information about their products. 1.2 PLM SOLUTIONS:[1] 1.3 Some requirements of PLM: * Data File Control Management (The right data†¦) * Product Data Access Control (To the right person†¦) * Workflow Process Management (At the right time†¦) * Geometry Management * CAD File Control Management * Digital Mockup * Integration Point For Single Source of Product Data * Information System Interfaces * Authoring Application Integration * Product Data Distribution * Product Data Viewing * Change Control * Configuration Identification * Configuration Status Accounting, Verification and Audit * Program / Project Management Coordination * Requirements Design Traceability 1.4 Benefits: Benefits of product lifecycle management include:- * Reduced time to market * Improve product quality * Reduced prototyping costs * Saving through the re-use of original data * A frame work for product optimization * Reduce waste * Saving through the complete integration of engineering workflows 1.5 History: Inspiration for the burgeoning business process now known as PLM came when America Motor Corporation (AMC) was looking for a way to speed up its product development process to compete better against its larger competitors in 1985, according to Francois casting Vice President for Product Engineering and Development. After the introduction of its compact jeep Cherokee (XJ), the vehicle that launched the modern sport utility vehicle (SUV) market, AMC began to develop a new model, which later came out as Jeep Grand Cherokee. The first part in its quest for faster product development was Computer Aided Design (CAD) software system that makes engineers more productive. The conflicts are very easily solved by using new communication system .By this system costly engineering also changes because of availability of drawings and documents in a central database. AMC was purchased by Chrysler because of the effectiveness of the product data management .This made the designing and building product to connect with enterprise. While an early adopter of PLM technology, Chrysler was able to become the auto industrys lowest-cost producer, recording development costs that were half of the industry average for the Burge owning business process now known as PLM came when America average by the mid-1990s. C:Documents and SettingskranthiDesktoprakesh_prj_imgRKSH_IMG4.bmp Fig 1. Layout of Product life cycle management 1.6 Timeline -Increasing Productivity with Technology:[2] 1980s  § Introduction of Commercial Computer Aided Design (CAD) radically improved  § Productivity in Product Design 1990s  § Adoption of ERP Systems  § ERP Systems included Engineering and Change Management Modules  § Design Build remained separated in silos 2000s  § Adoption of Workflow Web technologies accelerated PLM concepts  § Workflow enabled collaboration between different company silos  § PLM drastically improved NPI cycle cutting time cost  § PLM extended visibility and collaboration to CMs Suppliers using the we Present  § PLM extended Product Design to 3rd party Design Outsourcing  § Collaboration extended across the global chain to Customers Suppliers  § Introduction of Industry Government Standards Compliance  § Adoption of Collaborative Quality Improvement across the supply chain  § Adoption of Program/Project based PLM Portfolio Management  § Adoption of PLM Analytics and Intelligence for Cost/Process Analysis Improve. 1.7 Phases of Product lifecycle:[3] There are many software solutions now developed which are use to organize and integrate the various phases of the product ‘s life cycle. PLM is the single software with a suite of tools with several working methods, all these integrates to define single or different stage of product life cycle. PLM range is covered by some software providers but other only single application. Some of the applications can span various fields of PLM with different modules, with in the similar data model. All fields in PLM are covered here. It should also not be forgotten that one of the main goals of PLM is to collect knowledge that can be reused for other projects and to coordinate simultaneous concurrent development of many products. PLM is mainly related with engineering tasks and also involves the activities of marketing like Product Portfolio Management (PPM), and mainly with regards to the new product introduction (NPI). 1.7.1. Phase 1: Conceive: Imagine, specify, plan, and innovate The initial phase in idea is the definition of its requirements based on customer, company, market and regulatory bodies viewpoints. Major technical parameter can be defined by this product specification. Many functional aspect and requirement specification are carried out parallel with the initial concept design work carried out by defining the visual aesthetics of the product. For the Industrial Design Styling, work many different media are used from pencil and paper, clay models to 3D Computer Aided Design software 1.7.2. Phase 2: Design: Describe, Define, Develop, Test, Analyze and validate This is where the detailed design and development of the products form starts, progressing to prototype testing, through pilot release to full product launch. It may also include the redesign and ramp for improvement to present products as well as Planned obsolescence. CAD tool is used for design and development. This can be a simple or plain 2D Drawing / Drafting or 3D Parametric Feature Based Solid/Surface Modeling. Such software includes technology such as Hybrid Modeling, Reverse Engineering, KBE (Knowledge Based Engineering), NDT (Non Destructive Testing), Assembly construction This step covers many engineering disciplines including: Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic, Software (embedded), and domain-specific, such as Architectural, Aerospace, Automotive, Along with the actual creation of geometry there is the analysis of the components and product assemblies. By standing alone the CAE (Computer-aided engineering) software can perform simulation validation and optimization task or it may carry out by integrating with CAD package. These are used to perform tasks such as: Dimensional tolerance (Engineering) analysis task is performed by using CAQ (computer aided quality) such as Dimensional Tolerance (engineering) Analysis. Another task which is carried out at this phase is the sourcing of bought out components, possibly with the aid of Procurement systems. 1.7.3. Phase 3: Realize Manufacture, Make, Build, Procure, Produce, Sell and Deliver: The method of manufacturing is defined when the design of the products componnent is completed. It performs task such as design creation of CNC machining instructions for the products part as also it can perform tolls to manufacture those product which can be done using integrated or separate CAM. Process simulation for operations such as casting molding and die press forming will also be involve in the analysis tools. CPM comes in to play only when the manufacture method gets identified. The original CAD data with the use of Computer Aided Inspection equipment and software is used for checking the geometrical form and size of the components after they get manufactured. Sales product configuration and marketing documentation work will be taking place parallel to the engineering task. This could include transferring engineering data (geometry and part list data) to a web based sales configuration and other Desktop Publishing systems 1.7.4. Phase 4: Service: Use, Operate, Maintain, Support, sustain, phase-out, Retire, Recycle and Disposal In final stage of the lifecycle the managing of in service information is involved. The repair and maintence, waste management/recycling information is provided to the customers and to service engineers. Maintenance repair and operation management software tools are involved. 1.7.5. All phases: Product lifecycle: Communicate, Manage and Collaborate In many cases or in real practical a project does not run sequentially or maintain isolation of other project development project. The co-ordination of and management of product definition data is the main part of PLM, it includes release status of the components, managing of engineering changes, management of documents, project resources planning, configuration product variations, timescale and risk assessment. The text and metadata such as the product bills of materials needs to be managed. At the engineering departments stage this is the area of PDM (Product Data Management) software, at the commercial level EDM (Enterprise Data Management) software; it is typical to see two or more data management systems within an organization. These systems are also linked to other systems such as SCM, CRM, and ERP. Associated with these systems are Project Management Systems for Project/Program Planning. Numerous collaborative product development tools cover this central role which runs throu ghout the whole life cycle and across organizations. This needs various technology tools in the area of Conferencing, Data Sharing and Data Translation. CHAPTER 2 Research study conducted on (Cell phone) During past decade of time the, cell phone has become a part of our daily life .Like any product, making a cell phone and its parts requires natural resources and energy. Understanding the life cycle of a product can help you make environmental choices about the products you use, and how you dispose of them. Let us consider the example of a Nokia cell phone product life cycle management. 2.1 Concept Design:[4] The design of the product influences each stage of its lifecycle and also influences the environment. Design will affect the materials which are used in manufacturing of a product. If cheaper materials are used they are less durable, the product will have a short useful life. Waste can be prevented by proper design of the product. The design of the product with modular components can be easily replaced and entire product need not be thrown away if only one part of the product gets broken. The items having long life, trendy design should be avoided because they are not thrown away when they go out of style. 2.2 Materials Extraction:[4] All products are manufactured from the materials which are found in or on the earth. Raw materials, such as trees or ore, are directly mined or harvested from the earth and this process can create a lot of pollution and also involves usage of large amounts of energy and depletes the limited natural resources. The manufacturing of new products from recycled materials will reduce the amounts of the raw materials, being taken from the earth. The hand set consists of 40 percent metals, 40 percent plastics, and 20 percent ceramics and trace materials. The circuit board which is also termed as a printed wiring board, present in the hand set is the main component and is the brain of the cell phone controlling all of its functions. The circuit boards are up of mined and raw materials like silicon, copper, lead, nickel, tantalum, beryllium and other metals. Circuit board manufacturing requires crude oil for plastics and limestone and sand for the fiberglass, these materials are also known as â€Å"persistent toxins† and can stay in the environment for long periods of time even after their disposal. The cell phone consists of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a low power, flat- panel display on the front of the phone that shows information and images. The passage of electric current through it makes it opaque. The contrast between the opaque and transparent areas forms visible characters. Various liquid crystalline substances, either naturally occurring (such as mercury, a potentially dangerous substance) or human-made, are used to make LCDs, require the usage of plastic or glass. The rechargeable batteries used to power the phones can use several types of batteries: nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-Ion), nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cad), or lead acid. These batteries contain nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, and copper. 2.3 Materials Processing:[4] Once materials are extracted, they must be converted into a form that can be used to make products. For example, in cell phones: Crude oil is combined with natural gas and chemicals in a processing plant to make plastic; Copper is mined, ground, heated, and treated with chemicals and electricity to isolate the pure metal used to make circuit boards and batteries. The resulting copper pieces are transported to the manufacturer where they are formed into sheets and wires. 2.4 Manufacturing:[4] The basic shape of the circuit board is made by using plastics and fiberglass, and is then coated with gold plating. The board has several electronic components which are connected with wires made of copper and are soldered to the board, are secured with coatings and protective glues. LCDs are manufactured by sandwiching the liquid crystal in between layers of plastic or glass. Batteries have two separate parts known as electrodes, which are made from two different metals. Electrolyte is a liquid substance which touches each electrode. 2.5 Packaging Transportation:[4] The use of packaging can protect products from damage and provide product information. Finished products are transported in trucks, planes, and trains to different locations where they are sold. All of these modes of transportation burn fossil fuels, which can contribute to global climate change. The finished products and the parts of the cell phone require packaging and transportation in order to get from one place to another. The transportation done by plane, rail or truck requires the usage of the fossils fuels for energy, which contribute to the global climate change. While the packaging of the product protects it from getting damaged, identifies contents and provides information, decorative or excessive packaging can be wasteful. Packaging makes use of the valuable natural resources which include paper (from trees), plastics (from crude oil from the earth), and aluminum (from ore) and other materials, all of which makes use of energy to produce and can result in waste. 2.6 Reuse/Recycling/Disposal:[4] The way products are used can impact the environment. For example, products that are only used once create more waste than products that are used again and again. Using a product over and over again prevents the need to create the product from scratch, which saves resources and energy while also preventing pollution. Recycling or re-manufacturing products also reduces the amount of new materials that have to be extracted from the earth. Always comparison shop to be sure that you get the proper service and the phone that is right for you. By using the rechargeable batteries in cell phones reduces the amount of the waste and toxicity that disposable batteries will create. Be sure to follow the manufacturers instructions for charging your batteries so you can extend their life as long as possible 2.7 Life:[4] Recycling or donating the cell phones when they are no longer needed by you or want them extends their useful lives, and preventing them from going into the trash where they can cause problems relating to the environment. 2.8 Reuse:[4] Many organizations including recyclers, Charities, and electronics manufacturers accept working cell phones and offer them to schools, community organizations, and individuals in need. Reuse provides people, who cannot afford them, free or reduced cost access to new phones and their accessories. And thereby it extends the useful lifetime of a phone. 2.9 Recycle:[4] Springing up of electronics recyclers is every-where. Today, various stores, recycling centers and manufacturers accept cell phones for recycling. While few electronics recyclers only allow large shipments, the communities, schools, or groups can work together to collect used cell phones for shipment to electronics recyclers. Some of the rechargeable batteries can also be recycled, as many retail stores and some communities have started collecting them. The material recovered from the rechargeable batteries when they are recycled can be used for making new stainless steel products and batteries. You can use the phone book or Internet to find the local contacts that refurbish and recycle cell phones. 2.10 Disposal:[4] By 2009, the rate at which cell phones are discarded is predicted to exceed 125 million phones each year, resulting in more than 65,000 tons of waste. The cell phones which are thrown into the trash end up in a landfill or are burned. As the cell phone contains plastics, chemical, metals and other hazardous substances, you should always recycle, donate or trade in your old cell phone. 2.11 Headset:[4] Many people use a cell phone headset when they are driving or when they are walking around to keep their hands free. Most models of headsets can be reused when you buy a new phone. 2.12 Belt clip:[4] Some people buy belt clips to carry cell phones while not in use. Reusing or donating your belt clip when you are finished using it prevents waste. 2.13 Face plate:[4] Decorative face plates can be trendy and fun, but you dont need them to use a cell phone. The best way to prevent waste is to simply not buy products you dont need. If you do buy face plates, donate unwanted ones to a charity or swap them with your friends instead of throwing them away. Portable gaming cell phones have a lot of the same parts as hand-held video game and CD players, consoles and portable CD players, including speakers, circuit boards, and LCDs. Old or broken consoles and players can also be reused or recycled when no longer wanted. Advances in cell phone technology have given phones many uses today. CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDY 3.1 Case study: Siemens Siemens Home and Office Communication Devices (SHC) is a leading company for home and office communication infrastructure. The company sells its products in more than 50 countries. 3.1.1 Business Challenge: SHC has several engineering and manufacturing disciplines which are unique and located at one single site, in Germany. Mold tooling development, mechanical design development, manufacturing and assembling are all done in Bocholt, Germany. For Siemens the market pressure is very high in electronics and electric and consumer goods, and there is stress from this competition to reduce development cycles and its time to market new goods, as there is a wide range of products introduced into the market year after year with new designs and more complexity. Therefore Siemens recognized that it has to make improvements in its quality and thus needed to enhance the supply chain integration and collaboration to meet its marketing challenges. Siemens soon recognized that to overcome the external and internal pressures it has to improve its development and product life cycle for the future success of Siemens SHC. Siemens had been working with a 3-D CAD system â€Å" Euclid 3† for about 10 years on which it had made all possible improvements and it cannot upgrade it any further, so it has to get help from outside partner to help and implement a new product life cycle (PLM) system. 3.1.2 Solution: Siemens in partnership with IBM services implemented CATIA V5 and SMART TEAM as a new PLM platform for improvement in product development. CATIA V5 has a set of predefined product and process templates, helps to quickly complete even sophisticated design tasks with a high level of accuracy. With CATIA V5 and SMARTEAM, SHC has improved design innovation, taking advantage of the existing know-how and design to manufacturing process to the development and reduction of costs. In addition to that, this tool has helped make the mold tool development and NC manufacturing very competitive with low-cost suppliers from places like China. 3.2 Case study 2: Airbus UK 3.2.1 Business Challenge: To meet tight deadlines for delivery and reduce design and manufacturing costs by constantly improving working processes throughout the aircraft lifecycle. 3.2.2 Solution: IBM has provided with a team of flexible and scalable experts which included strategic business consultants, aircraft industry specialists and project managers to define and implement transformation programs in business, financial and organizational disciplines. 3.2.3 Business Benefits: Improved collaboration with suppliers eliminated data re-entry, saving â‚ ¬18 million on collaboration with suppliers. * Improved concurrent engineering reduced lead time on wing by 41 weeks (36% reduction). * The worlds first flight of largest passenger aircraft completed on time. * Keeping Scheduled programming. * Innovative practices introduced from concurrent engineering and collaborative working. 3.2.4 Why it matters? IBM team created new business, financial and organizational processes to meet the deadlines while cost cutting the design and manufacturing for the new Airbus A380. These changes has transformed the airplane manufacturing methodology while enabling Airbus UK to cut cost and time out of design and manufacture, improve collaboration with suppliers and deliver key components on schedule to ensure the A380 aircrafts on-time first flight. 3.2.5 Key Components: IBM Global Business Services In developing the new technologies and pushing the boundaries of knowledge in the aerospace industry Airbus is leading the world. Airbus is an extremely complex business, which employs advanced technologies and procedures, some of which have mainly been developed for this project. In such a large-scale, modern design and manufacturing process, a lot of attention is paid at keeping costs under control. Wing assembly is one of the most complex parts of the aircraft, an element for which Airbus UK has the design and manufacturing responsibility. The company realized early in the A380 program that new processes would be needed to achieve the aggressive timeline for the airplane. â€Å"We needed to radically transform our approach to the A380, and saw value in bringing in an objective external consultancy to help define and implement new ways of working,† says Iain Gray, Managing Director of Airbus UK. Nowhere is this more evident than in its design and development of the A380, the worlds largest passenger jet. Airbus is a highly complex business, employing advanced technologies and processes, some of which have specifically been developed for this project. In such a large-scale, innovative design and manufacturing operation, much attention is paid to keeping costs under control. Airbus UK commissioned IBM Global Business Services to bring together a team of experts to analyze designs, design processes and manufacturing operations. â€Å"IBM is exclusively placed to give advice and help us transform Airbus UK,† s ays Gray. â€Å"It has enormous breadth and depth of knowledge, with expertise in business, financial and organizational disciplines as well as the aircraft industry and computer technology.† The core IBM Global Business Services program team includes strategic business consultants, aircraft industry specialists and project managers. This team is expanded when ever required by drafting in specialists and consultants who bring a complete cross-section of business and technical skills relevant to the specific problem being addressed. 3.2.6 Designing out cost: â€Å"Initiatives from IBM Global Business Services help us drive cost out of design and manufacture, improve collaborative working, and transform the way we work with our many subcontractors,† explains Gray. Improved collaboration with suppliers eliminated data re-entry, saving â‚ ¬18 million. The IBM team has helped the Airbus UK improve the concurrent engineering, reducing lead time of the wing by 41 weeks (36 percent reduction). Sometimes, initiatives originated directly from the IBM team. Airbus built complete 3D models of A380 components to analyze clash conditions in airframe systems and structure before committing to cut metal—for example, to ensure that there were adequate clearances for slat and flap mechanisms on the wing and the landing gear. Such large-scale 3D modeling involves an enormous volume of number-crunching, which would normally trigger the purchase of large processors. Seeing this situation, IBM consultants introduced Airbus to the concept of GRID computing, which pools unutilized processing capacity in hundreds of distributed workstations for use with processor-intensive applications. A prototype was developed, and IBM then completed the implementation of GRID technology, there by saving Airbus a considerable investment. In the area of business transformation, IBM Global Business Services is organizing an experienced team of human resource and organizational specialists to help Airbus UK transform from a development organization to one undertaking large-scale serial production. The key aspect in the success of the A380 program is educating several hundred people across Airbus UK and its many of the subcontractors in the new tools, processes and collaborative working. With an infinite pool of resources, IBM responded very rapidly to Airbus training needs, building and delivering of tailored courses that reflect the processes and technologies defined at the strategic level. 3.3 Case Study 3: Maruti Udyog Ltd Maruti Udyog Ltd., a subsidiary of Suzuki Moto Corporation of Japan, has been the leading Indian passenger car maker for about two decades. The company has a diverse portfolio that includes: the Maruti 800;the Omni; a premium small car, Zen; the international brands, Alto and WagonR; an off-roader, Gypsy; the mid-size Esteem; a luxury car, Baleno; an MPV, Versa; a premium subcompact car, Swift; and a luxury SUV, Grand Vitara XL7. The companys 11 base platforms encompass300 variants for 100 export destinations. According to Marutis vision statement, its goals include maintaining leadership in the Indian automobile industry, creating customer delight, increasing shareholder wealth and being â€Å"a pride of India.† Customers have shown their approval, ranking Maruti high in customer satisfaction for six years in a row according to the J.D. Power Asia Pacific 2005 India Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) Study. The company has also ranked highest in the India Sales Satisfaction St udy. 3.3.1The need for PLM: Among the companys product development challenges, the need for shorter cycle times is always at the top. Management wants to be able to launch new models faster and reduce the time required for minor changes and development of product variants. Another challenge is co-development. Marutis goal is to collaborate closely with its global teams and suppliers on the development of new platforms and product freshening. Other challenges include streamlining the process of vehicle localization and enhancing quality and reliability. These challenges pointed directly to a product lifecycle management (PLM) solution with capabilities for information management, process management, knowledge capture and support for global collaboration; a PLM solution directly addressing Marutis business challenges. For example, PLMs information management capabilities address the issue of the many plat forms, local variants and export destinations. Process management permits concurrent development and faster c hange management and provides a platform for other process improvements for faster vehicle development. Knowledge capture increases innovation and also reduces costs by increasing part re-use. PLMs collaboration capabilities permit global development by ensuring fast and accurate dissemination of product information. 3.3.2. Implementation profile: Maruti selected the UGS PLM software solution because â€Å"UGS leverages the business value by offering complete PLM solution,† according to C.V. Raman, general manager, Engineering Division, Maruti Udyog Ltd. Marutis PLM implementation includes Team centre, NX and Techno matrix software. Team centre provides a wide range of functionality for release management including bills of material management and change management. Team centre also handles the vehicle localization process, coordinates the part approval process and integrates design and engineering information with the companys ERP system. Team centre also provides