The Constitutional Theory Of The Constitution - 1735 Words

Evan Oberhausen Professor Tasha Lavey POLS 313 20 April 2015 Constitutional Theory Constitutional theory is an area of Constitutional law that focuses on the underpinnings of a constitutional government. It goes into the foundations of the Constitution and focuses on the meaning of it as well. It is a way to try and justify the rights and laws that the founders set down for us to interpret and to follow within the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Amidst the completion of the U.S. Constitution in 1788, when it had come time to ratify it, there was a general divide amongst the framers and the people. It seemed to split into two groups; the Federalists who favored the ratification and supported the expansion to a stronger and more†¦show more content†¦But despite the separation of powers, the Anti-Federalists were still wary of the federal government having too much power. There were only a few individual rights protections included in the original writing of the Constitution; whether it was out of fear that providing a list of p rotected rights might end up being incomplete and later interpreted to deny not listed rights, or because they had believed that they were creating a central government with limited powers that couldn’t possibly have the authority to violate the individual rights the people deserved. Among the few that were included were ones such as, the Writ of Habeas Corpus not being suspended, unless in case of rebellion or invasion, then the prohibition of ex post facto laws and bills of attainder to prevent the punishment of crimes that occurred before they were illegal and singling out groups and individuals for certain punishments. The privileges and immunities clause essentially protects from states being able to discriminate against out of state citizens in regards to certain individual rights. The privileges and immunities clause however only extended to fundamental rights. The framers identified the protection from the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus except in cases of rebellion and invasion in order to protect citizens from being taken and held prisoner with no legal

Details Oriented And Independent Scientist Essay - 857 Words

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Leadership Understanding of Work Motivation

Question: Motivating individuals and teams to meet organisational objectives is arguably one of the most important tasks for a manager. With reference to examples from your own organisation or an organisation with which you are familiar, consider why this is so. Answer: Introduction The skilful leadership creates the significant impact on the organisational performance. The effective management is determined through the achievement of the organisational objectives. Northouse (2015) indicated that the efficient leaders can motivate the people and influence them to bring out the effective performance attributes. It has been seen that the leaders usually follow the proper leadership style to bring excellence in the team work. However, the effective leadership style is even needed to be connected with the proper motivational process to achieve the pre-determined goals. The leaders need to think more deeply about the proper motivation process that will be beneficial enough to achieve the organisational excellence (Lăzăroiu 2015). The study will be exploring the motivational attributes undertaken by the leaders of Morrisons in UK. The theoretical framework will be representing the relevant process of motivating the employees. Depending on such theoretical framework, the study will further provide the preferable recommendations to the managers of Morrisons. Background of the Organisation Morrisons is the one of the most remarkable supermarkets in United Kingdom. Headquarter of the company is situated at Bradford, West Yorkshire. The mission of the company is to provide the customers more that their expectation level (Morrisons-corporate.com 2016). The company is therefore focusing on the high quality food at reasonable prices. In fact, the company is paying attention towards the development of their employees performance skills. Morrisons has set the aim to achieve the pre-determined goals of the organisation by providing the employees enough motivations. The company has considered two major components for achieving the success. The first is to acquire the unique approaches for motivating the employees. Another component is to provide the preferable and high quality goods to the customers. In such cases, the role and responsibility of the managers is necessary. There are almost 500 stores in UK that have been serving the customers by providing them the expected quali ty products (Morrisons.jobs 2016). The leaders or the managers have been improvising their leadership skills to motivate the employees and bring the performance excellence. The study will be presenting the existing literature related to the motivational theories that are needed to be applied in order to improve the performance parameter. Importance of Motivation It is noted that the maintenance of the proper motivational procedure is necessary for the managers. Over the past centuries, many of the motivational theories have been created in order to understand the human behaviour. Paill et al. (2014) implied that motivation is a requirement that influence the human beings to take the proper action. Employee motivation is one of the major and necessary processes that play the significant role in the organisational behaviour. The efficient leadership tactics can motivate the employees in a significant way and bring out the best performance attributes. If an employee is receiving the proper motivation from the organisation, it will be helpful for that particular employee to improve their performance skills (Lăzăroiu 2015). Eventually, the efficient performance skills will lead towards achieving the organisational and personal objectives. The existing theoretical framework will be signifying the proper motivational process that the managers can apply within the internal organisation setting. It is noted that the skilled performance attributes are required in order to achieve the organisational objectives. The major responsibility of the leaders includes the management of the employees as well as the entire organisations. The establishment of the proper communication skills and the interpersonal relationship of the leaders can increase the reliability among the other associates. When the employees will receive enough motivation from the organisations and avail the opportunities to develop their professional skills, it will energise them to provide more efforts. Therefore, motivation works as the driving force for the effective performance outcomes. Accordingly, the efficient motivational process can be beneficial for the overall organisational scenario. How do managers motivate the employees? The managers in the different organisations undertake diversified techniques to motivate the employees. In Morrisons, the management is trying to provide the high quality customer services to the target consumers. In order to achieve such objectives, it is seen that the company is concentrating on upgrading the performance level of the employees. Therefore, the company started the incentive policies. The employees will be awarded with the incentive amount for selling extra commodities to the customers (Morrisons-corporate.com 2016). In such times, the rewarded employees can receive enough motivations from the management. The process is even fruitful enough to ensure their efforts on organisational functionalities. While these employees are benefitted with the incentive amount, other associates are also being influenced for making their performance better. However, in some of the cases, it has been noticed that few people are unable to achieve their targets set for the month. Hence, t he management needs to pay attention towards their performance and identify the reason behind such lagging. Accordingly, if the management can provide them the proper training and development session in order to upgrade their skills, it will also considered as the process of motivation. Theories of Motivation Before analysing the theoretical background of the motivation process, it is necessary to concentrate on several factors that are essentially required to motivate the employees (Ghosh 2013). Such of these motivational factors are: Identification of the ability Growth and learning The sense of achievement Employee empowerment and responsibility Work stimulations Promotion Rewards The factors are somewhat quite complicated and blended with different complex thoughts. Considering such factors, Fredrick Herzberg introduced Two Factor Theory that ensures a unique approach for motivating an individual or a group. The theory is described further: Herzbergs Motivational Theory: Frederic Herzberg was one of the pioneers of job enrichment and the clinical psychologists who introduced the Two Factor theory of Motivation. According to him, several job factors are responsible for creating job satisfaction among the employees. He even mentioned that there are no such job factors that can even prevent the dissatisfaction. The Mr. Herzberg introduced two different factors for ensuring the motivational aspects. These two factors are Motivators and Hygiene Factors. Hygiene Factors: the hygiene factors include the essential components for the motivational process. This particular factor is not considerably leading towards the long term positive satisfaction. However, the absence of these factors may affect the employee motivation that may lead towards dissatisfaction. In different words, it can be interpreted that the presence of hygiene factors is reasonable for the employee satisfaction (Dwivedula, Bredillet and Mller 2015). There are some of the psychological needs that are associated with the hygiene factors. These are as follows: Policies and Administration of the Company: The employees do not prefer the rigid policies of an organisation. The maintenance of the fair and clear approaches in the organisational policies will be beneficial for keeping the existing employees motivated. For example, the flexible working hours, vacations, breaks, and dress codes are needed to be ensured by the organisation (Abahe.co.uk 2016). Pay: The salary structure of the employees should be reasonable and appropriate. The organisation needs to maintain the equality and competitiveness to those in the same domain and same industry. Physical working condition: The employees prefer the hygienic, safe, and clean work environment to work. The equipments used within the organisation should be well-maintained and upgraded. Fringe Benefits: If the organisation can offer the employees proper health care plans, health programmes, and benefits for their families, it will be much motivating to the existing employees. Interpersonal Relationship: The managers have to maintain the efficient relationship with the employees. If the employees are treated well by their supervisors, managers, and other subordinates, it inspires them to work peacefully. Status: The status of the employees should be retained ad familiar. It will be effective enough for making them more loyal towards the organisation (Dwivedula, Bredillet and Mller 2015). Job Security: The job security is the major concern for the employees. Therefore, the organisations have to keep the major focus on such securities that are needed to be provided to the employees. These hygiene factors are leading the employees towards job satisfaction to some extent. On the other hand, the absence of any of these factors may lead towards the job dissatisfaction. However, apart from such hygienic factors, the motivational factors are also necessarily needed to be implemented. Motivational Factors: Herzberg also explained that some of the hygienic factors are not signified as the motivators. Hence, the motivational factors yield the positive satisfaction of the existing employees (Ghazi, Shahzada and Khan 2013). The presence of such motivators influences the employees to initiate the better performance outcomes. These factors are initially rewarding the employees and making them feel appreciated. These factors are discussed further: Rewards and recognition: If the employees performance is beneficial for the organisation, it is required to recognise their accomplishments. The managers have to take such responsibility in this regard. Growth and Promotional Opportunities: if the employees perform well, the organisation needs to provide the sufficient opportunities to develop their professional careers (Ghosh 2013). The employees can even make the significant growth in their personal and professional behaviour as well. Sense of Achievement: Each of the employees needs to receive the sense of achievement. The managers need to allocate the job as per the skills. The performance of the skilled employees in their expertise areas will thus be fruitful for the organisation as well. Besides, the employees will get the sense of achievement that leads towards satisfaction. Work Meaningfulness: The employees prefer the challenging, meaningful, and interesting works. The managers have to select the preferable work settings to keep the employees motivated. Responsibility: The major concern for the employees is to recognise their responsibilities towards the organisation. The leaders or the managers need to keep the employees informed about the set of responsibilities that are required to be maintained. The recognition of the motivators is leading the employees towards the job satisfactions that keep them motivated for bringing the efficient performance outcome. However, the theory is not focusing on the situational variables that may change the entire scenario (Malik and Naeem 2013). There is the clear assumption based on the linking between motivations and productivity (Yusoff, Kian and Idris 2013). However, later, it was proved that the motivation is not linked with the productivity enhancement. Depending on such factors, the further recommendations are provided. Recommendation The above theoretical discussion is reflecting the necessity of motivating the employees. On the other hand, it was highlighted that the company, Morrisons, has set the aim to motivate the existing employees for the betterment of organisational process. Therefore, the managers or the leaders have to take the set of responsibilities to motivate the employees and ensure the performance excellence. Observing the above factors, it can be interpreted that the first and foremost step of motivation is to understand the requirement of the employees. The skilful leaders therefore need to acquire the proper communicational transparency to understand the basic needs of the employees. If the communicational transparency is present, the employees even feel the security to retain their job. During the situational conflict, the employees should not hesitate to speak about their problems. If they can raise their concerns to the team leaders or the supervisors, it would be effective enough to prevent the employee turnover ratio. The proper motivation provided to the employees will thus lead the organisation towards accomplishing the goals and achieving the performance excellence. Conclusion The study is focusing on the motivational factors that are needed to be implemented by the managers of the organisation. It is noted that the Morrisons is the supermarket chain that provides the quality goods to the customers. Accordingly, in ensuring the enhancements of the performance skills, the leaders of the company are paying attention towards proper motivational process. It is to be indicated that the proper motivation process can make the employees much satisfied. If the employees are satisfied with the organisational environment and the facilities, it will inspire them to bring the better performance outcomes. The literature study indicates the theoretical background based on the employee motivation. Frederick Herzberg introduced the Two Factor Theory, which suggests the hygienic and motivational factors that the organisations need to maintain. It is important to note that if the leaders or the managers can communicate with the employees more significantly, it will be helpfu l enough in resolving the situational conflicts. However, if the managers of Morrisons can pay attention towards such basic needs to keep the employees motivated, the determined organisational objectives can be accomplished. References Abahe.co.uk, 2016. Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory [online] Available at: https://www.abahe.co.uk/Free-En-Resources/Theories-of-Management/Herzberg-Motivation-Hygiene-Theory.pdf [Accessed 27 Aug. 2016]. Dwivedula, R., Bredillet, C. and Mller, R., 2015. Towards an Understanding of Work Motivation in Temporary Organizations. Ghazi, S.R., Shahzada, G. and Khan, M.S., 2013. Resurrecting Herzbergs two factor theory: An implication to the university teachers.Journal of Educational and Social Research,3(2), p.445. Ghosh, A.K., 2013. Employee empowerment: a strategic tool to obtain sustainable competitive advantage.International Journal of Management,30(3), p.95. Lăzăroiu, G., 2015. Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, (14), pp.97-102. Lăzăroiu, G., 2015. Work Motivation and Organizational Behavior.Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, (2), pp.66-75. Malik, M.E. and Naeem, B., 2013. Towards understanding controversy on Herzberg theory of motivation.World Applied Sciences Journal,24(8), pp.1031-1036. Morrisons.jobs, 2016. About Morrisons. [online] Morrisons.jobs. Available at: https://www.morrisons.jobs/page.cfm/content/About-Morrisons/ [Accessed 27 Aug. 2016]. Morrisons-corporate.com, 2016. Company History - Morrisons. [online] Morrisons-corporate.com. Available at: https://www.morrisons-corporate.com/about-us/company-history/ [Accessed 27 Aug. 2016]. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Paill, P., Chen, Y., Boiral, O. and Jin, J., 2014. The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study.Journal of Business Ethics,121(3), pp.451-466. Yusoff, W.F.W., Kian, T.S. and Idris, M.T.M., 2013. Herzbergs Two Factors Theory On Work Motivation: Does Its Work For Todays Environment.Global journal of commerce and Management,2(5), pp.18-22.

Why The Vegetarian Diet Is Best Essay Example For Students

Why The Vegetarian Diet Is Best Essay Why The Vegetarian Diet Is Best Essay The vegetarian diet is becoming increasingly popular all the time. Is the vegetarian or meat diet better? A decade ago and earlier, the impression was that a vegetarian diet was lacking in the nutrients found in meat products. Today though, through research and nutritional science, it has been proven that all the nutrients found in meat can also be found in the correct vegetarian diet. Some may argue that by only consuming meat that is low in fat, meat and vegetarian diets have identical benefits. This is true only if one eats only very low fat meat. We will write a custom essay on Why The Vegetarian Diet Is Best specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The lack of meat is not necessarily the main benefit of to the vegetarian. Vegetarians tend to eat more fruits, vegetables and grains that the meat eater. They also tend not to use tobacco and excessive alcohol. In addition, vegetarians tend to get more exercise. The term vegetarian can be misleading. This diet can take on many different variations. A fruitarian eats only fruits, seeds and nuts while the vegan eats these and vegetables, grains and legumes. A lacto vegetarian consumes the same as a vegan as well as dairy products. A lacto-ovo vegetarian follows after the lacto vegetarian but also includes eggs while the ovo vegetarian excludes dairy products. Finally, the partial vegetarian eats anything except red meat, or at least strictly limits it. Because the term vegetarian is used to cover all facets and variations, it is difficult to identify health benefits resulting from the vegetarian diet including all of the above. Most meat eaters do not realize that there are so many variations to the vegetarian diet, which makes accurate studies even more difficult. As a whole though, vegetarians tend to have less body fat than nonvegetarians. This is most likely due to the low fat and high carbohydrate content of their diet. Vegetarians usually have lower blood pressure than meat eaters because of lifestyle and diet. Other factors probably include exercise and resistance to smoking and alcohol intake. Coronary artery disease is directly related to saturated fat intake. In studies testing cholesterol levels, vegetarians beat out all others including those that only ate lean meats. Milk, however, lowers blood cholesterol, as does soy. Another benefit is the lack of digestive disorders among vegetarians. It is possible that this is directly related to the high fiber content consumed. The last main benefit of the vegetarian diet is its relationship to cancer rate reduction, especially colon cancer. People who develop colon cancer tend to eat more meat, less fiber, and more saturated fat than those without colon cancer. This is the same case with lymphatic cancer. The only advantage a meat eater might have over a vegetarian would be during pregnancy and childhood. Studies have shown that children grow best when they eat meat products. Likewise, vegetarian women may enter pregnancy too thin and be lacking in stores of nutrients. Obviously, there are advantages and drawbacks to both diets however I feel the vegetarian diets advantages greatly outweigh its shortcomings. Whether a meat eater or vegetarian, both diets can contribute to good health with proper planning. . Why The Vegetarian Diet Is Best Essay Example For Students Why The Vegetarian Diet Is Best Essay Why The Vegetarian Diet Is Best Essay The vegetarian diet is becoming increasingly popular all the time. Is the vegetarian or meat diet better? A decade ago and earlier, the impression was that a vegetarian diet was lacking in the nutrients found in meat products. Today though, through research and nutritional science, it has been proven that all the nutrients found in meat can also be found in the correct vegetarian diet. Some may argue that by only consuming meat that is low in fat, meat and vegetarian diets have identical benefits. This is true only if one eats only very low fat meat. We will write a custom essay on Why The Vegetarian Diet Is Best specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The lack of meat is not necessarily the main benefit of to the vegetarian. Vegetarians tend to eat more fruits, vegetables and grains that the meat eater. They also tend not to use tobacco and excessive alcohol. In addition, vegetarians tend to get more exercise. The term vegetarian can be misleading. This diet can take on many different variations. A fruitarian eats only fruits, seeds and nuts while the vegan eats these and vegetables, grains and legumes. A lacto vegetarian consumes the same as a vegan as well as dairy products. A lacto-ovo vegetarian follows after the lacto vegetarian but also includes eggs while the ovo vegetarian excludes dairy products. Finally, the partial vegetarian eats anything except red meat, or at least strictly limits it. Because the term vegetarian is used to cover all facets and variations, it is difficult to identify health benefits resulting from the vegetarian diet including all of the above. Most meat eaters do not realize that there are so many variations to the vegetarian diet, which makes accurate studies even more difficult. As a whole though, vegetarians tend to have less body fat than nonvegetarians. This is most likely due to the low fat and high carbohydrate content of their diet. Vegetarians usually have lower blood pressure than meat eaters because of lifestyle and diet. Other factors probably include exercise and resistance to smoking and alcohol intake. Coronary artery disease is directly related to saturated fat intake. In studies testing cholesterol levels, vegetarians beat out all others including those that only ate lean meats. Milk, however, lowers blood cholesterol, as does soy. Another benefit is the lack of digestive disorders among vegetarians. It is possible that this is directly related to the high fiber content consumed. The last main benefit of the vegetarian diet is its relationship to cancer rate reduction, especially colon cancer. People who develop colon cancer tend to eat more meat, less fiber, and more saturated fat than those without colon cancer. This is the same case with lymphatic cancer. The only advantage a meat eater might have over a vegetarian would be during pregnancy and childhood. Studies have shown that children grow best when they eat meat products. Likewise, vegetarian women may enter pregnancy too thin and be lacking in stores of nutrients. Obviously, there are advantages and drawbacks to both diets however I feel the vegetarian diets advantages greatly outweigh its shortcomings. Whether a meat eater or vegetarian, both diets can contribute to good health with proper planning. Health Care and Beauty Essays .